What Filament Is Food Safe? Food-safe 3D printing is achievable, and at FOODS.EDU.VN we can help you understand the materials approved for food contact are increasing. This guide provides a detailed look at food safety, relevant considerations for 3D printing, and methods for creating food-safe products using common 3D printing processes. By understanding migration levels, selecting appropriate materials, and applying effective coatings, you can ensure your 3D-printed items meet the necessary safety standards. Let’s explore food-grade materials, antibacterial options, and essential tips for minimizing risks.
1. Understanding Food Safety for 3D Printing
1.1 Key Definitions
What does it mean for a material to be food-safe in the context of 3D printing? To understand what filament is food safe, it’s essential to clarify a few key terms:
- Food Grade: This term means the material is either safe for human consumption or permitted to come into contact with food. It indicates that the material has been evaluated and approved for direct or indirect contact with edibles.
- Food Safe: This term signifies that a food-grade material meets specific requirements for its intended use and will not create a food-safety hazard. It involves ensuring that the material doesn’t leach harmful substances or promote bacterial growth under normal usage conditions.
- Food Contact Surfaces: These include any surfaces that may come into direct contact with food. These surfaces must be made of non-toxic materials and designed to withstand their intended use environment, including exposure to cleaning compounds, sanitizing agents, and cleaning procedures.
1.2 Migration: A Critical Factor
Food grading and food safety hinge on a specific ingestion pathway known as migration. This process involves the transfer of tiny particles—ranging from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers—each time different materials come into contact with each other. For example, particles may migrate from the components of an industrial 3D printer to the 3D-printed object, and subsequently from the object to the food.
Given that migration levels are typically low during occasional contact, food grading primarily concerns items that have prolonged contact with food, such as containers, straws, utensils, plates, and food molds. Different testing institutions adhere to varying government-imposed risk tolerances and approved substances. In the US, these standards are outlined in the FDA CFR 21, while the EU guidelines are detailed in Regulation 10/2011.
- FDA (Food and Drug Administration): The FDA regulates materials used in food contact applications in the United States.
- EU (European Union): The EU has its own set of regulations and standards for food contact materials, ensuring safety across member states.
1.3 FDA Requirements for Food Safe Materials
To be considered food-safe according to the FDA Food Code, a material must meet the following rigorous criteria:
- No Migration of Deleterious Substances: The material must not release any harmful chemicals or substances into the food it contacts. This ensures that the food remains safe for consumption and does not become contaminated.
- No Impartation of Colors, Odors, or Tastes: The material should not alter the sensory properties of the food. It must not add any unwanted colors, smells, or flavors that could make the food unappetizing or unsafe.
- Safe Under Normal Use Conditions: The material must remain stable and safe under typical conditions of use, including temperature variations, humidity, and exposure to different types of food. This ensures that the material does not degrade or release harmful substances during regular use.
- Durable, Corrosion-Resistant, and Nonabsorbent: The material must be robust and able to withstand wear and tear. It should resist corrosion from acids and other food components and not absorb liquids, which can lead to bacterial growth.
- Sufficient Weight to Withstand Repeated Washing: The material should be heavy enough to stay in place during washing and not warp or deform under the pressure and heat of repeated cleaning cycles.
- Smooth, Easily Cleanable Surface: The material must have a surface that is free of breaks, sharp internal angles, and other imperfections that could trap food particles and bacteria. The surface should be easy to clean thoroughly.
- Resistance to Pitting, Chipping, Crazing, Scratching, Scoring, Distortion, and Decomposition: The material must be able to withstand physical damage and degradation from various factors, such as impacts, temperature changes, and chemical exposure.
- Accessible to Inspection: The material must be designed in a way that allows for easy inspection to ensure it meets all safety standards. This includes being able to visually check for any signs of wear, damage, or contamination.
1.4 Importance of Additives and Masterbatches
Any FDA or EU-approved material encompasses not only the raw polymer but also any additives or masterbatches included in its composition. These additives can include plasticizers, impact and heat distortion modifiers, UV stabilizers, flame retardants, anti-fouling agents, anti-static agents, anti-slip agents, foaming and clarifying agents, antioxidants, aromatic nucleators, carbon alloys, phosphorescents, fillers, thickeners, chain extenders, metal deactivators, dyes, and carrier resins.
1.5 The Role of Certification and Compliance
When evaluating the safety of 3D printing materials, it’s crucial to distinguish between “compliant with” and “explicitly approved by” regulatory institutions like the FDA and EU. A material being compliant means that it meets the standards set by these institutions but has not necessarily undergone direct evaluation and approval. To ensure true food safety, always refer to the technical data sheets of the materials to verify explicit certification.
- Technical Data Sheets: These documents provide detailed information about the material’s composition, properties, and compliance with safety standards.
- Certificates: Look for certificates from accredited testing laboratories that confirm the material has been tested and approved for food contact applications.
Understanding these aspects is vital to ensure that any 3D-printed item intended for food contact meets the required safety standards, reducing potential health risks and ensuring consumer confidence.
2. Key Considerations for Food Safe 3D Printing
2.1 Bacteria Buildup
A 3D-printed part can quickly become a breeding ground for bacteria. Within just a few weeks, it can transform into a petri dish teeming with harmful microorganisms. Even if some materials can withstand the dishwasher, dangerous bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella can still thrive in the tiny nooks and crannies of the printed object. Additionally, certain toxic molds find favorable growth conditions on various types of plastic and are notoriously difficult to remove. Unfortunately, neither cleaning with bleach nor microwaving your polymers is an effective solution for eliminating these germs.
To mitigate this risk, particularly for items intended for long-term use, applying a food-safe coating is highly recommended. These coatings create a barrier that prevents bacteria from penetrating the material and ensures a safer surface for food contact.
- E. coli and Salmonella: These are common foodborne pathogens that can cause severe illness if ingested.
- Toxic Molds: Certain molds can produce mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds that can pose health risks.
2.2 Food Safe Coatings and Sealants
One of the best strategies to minimize the risk of particle migration and bacterial buildup is to dip-coat the 3D-printed parts with a food-grade epoxy or polyurethane resin. Some recommended options include Masterbond’s EP42HT-2FG, ArtResin, or an FDA-approved PTFE (commonly known as Teflon®) to effectively seal the surface.
However, it’s crucial to understand that coating does not guarantee complete food safety for prolonged use. Many of these coatings are not dishwasher-safe and may degrade over time, potentially exposing the original, non-safe surface underneath. Regular inspection and maintenance of coated parts are necessary to ensure ongoing safety.
- Epoxy and Polyurethane Resins: These materials provide a durable, non-porous barrier that prevents the leaching of harmful substances.
- PTFE (Teflon®): Known for its non-stick properties, PTFE is also resistant to chemicals and high temperatures, making it a suitable coating for food contact items.
2.3 Dishwasher Safety
Most 3D printing materials have a relatively low heat deflection temperature (HDT). This means that 3D-printed parts can become brittle, crack, deform, or warp when exposed to elevated temperatures. If you intend to clean a 3D-printed part in a dishwasher, it’s essential to verify that the material is dishwasher-safe and check for any specific recommendations regarding washing temperatures.
- Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT): This is the temperature at which a material begins to deform under a specific load.
- Material Compatibility: Always check the manufacturer’s specifications to ensure the material can withstand the temperatures and detergents used in dishwashers.
2.4 Food Safe Equipment
To ensure food safety, it’s crucial that any components of the 3D printer that might come into contact with the 3D printing material or the final part are food-grade. These components must not contain or leach harmful chemicals. This precaution is necessary because particles can migrate from the printer’s components to the 3D-printed parts.
This also means taking precautions when using multiple materials. Some materials previously used in the 3D printer might have contained toxic particles and contaminated certain components. Thoroughly cleaning the printer and its components between different materials is vital to prevent cross-contamination.
- Printer Maintenance: Regular cleaning and maintenance of the 3D printer can help prevent the accumulation of harmful substances.
- Dedicated Equipment: Consider using separate nozzles and other components for food-safe and non-food-safe materials to avoid cross-contamination.
2.5 Food Safe 3D Printing Materials
Many 3D printing materials are not food-safe and may contain toxic chemicals. Always use materials certified for food safety when 3D printing parts intended for food contact. Look for certifications from regulatory bodies like the FDA or EU to ensure the material meets the necessary safety standards.
- Material Certifications: These certifications confirm that the material has been tested and approved for food contact applications.
- Material Selection: Choosing the right material is the first step in ensuring the safety of 3D-printed food contact items.
2.6 Food Contact Time
The risk of migration increases with the duration of food exposure to the 3D-printed part. As a general rule, limit the contact time between food and the 3D-printed part. For parts that will be in contact with food for extended periods, take additional precautions such as using high-quality coatings or alternative manufacturing methods.
- Short-Term vs. Long-Term Contact: Different levels of precautions may be necessary depending on the duration of food contact.
- Protective Measures: Coatings, liners, or alternative designs can help reduce the risk of migration during long-term contact.
2.7 Indirect Use of 3D Printing
Consider the reasons for using 3D printing for a food contact item. In many cases, there are indirect ways to leverage 3D printing to create custom parts without direct food contact, such as through molding. This approach can provide the benefits of custom shapes and forms while minimizing the risk of contamination.
- Molding: Creating molds using 3D printing allows for the production of custom food items without direct contact between the food and the 3D-printed part.
- Alternative Manufacturing Methods: Explore other manufacturing techniques, such as casting or thermoforming, to achieve the desired results without compromising food safety.
By carefully considering these factors, you can minimize the risks associated with 3D printing and ensure that any food contact items you produce meet the necessary safety standards.
3. Food Safe 3D Printing With Stereolithography (SLA)
3.1 SLA 3D Printing Overview
Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing uses a laser to cure liquid resin into hardened plastic through a process called photopolymerization. This method produces parts with high resolution, accuracy, clear details, and the smoothest surface finish among all plastic 3D printing technologies.
- Photopolymerization: The process of using light to cure liquid resin into solid plastic.
- Advantages of SLA: High resolution, smooth surface finish, and precise details make it ideal for creating molds and prototypes.
3.2 Resin Safety
Is resin food-safe? Generally, the answer is no. Substances can migrate from SLA parts, making none of the resins and printed parts food-safe by default. While some resins for dental and medical applications are certified biocompatible, this does not mean they are food-safe. These materials are certified for specific applications and should not be used for food contact products.
- Biocompatibility vs. Food Safety: Biocompatible resins are designed to be safe for contact with living tissue, but they may not be safe for contact with food.
- Resin Limitations: Due to the potential for migration, SLA resins are not recommended for direct food contact applications.
3.3 Surface Finish and Coatings
SLA parts have a smooth surface finish that makes it easier to apply coatings to seal their surface and prevent the buildup of bacteria. Factors affecting the ultimate smoothness of a part include resin type, layer thickness, build orientation, mesh triangulation resolution of the 3D model, and the curing profile of the SLA resin. Printed parts require washing and post-curing according to the manufacturer’s instructions before the coating is applied. However, note that coatings do not guarantee food safety, as the coating may interact with the resin or degrade over time, exposing the original, potentially non-safe surface.
- Post-Processing: Washing and post-curing are essential steps to remove residual resin and fully harden the part before applying any coatings.
- Coating Limitations: Coatings can provide a barrier, but they are not foolproof. Regular inspection and maintenance are necessary to ensure the coating remains intact and effective.
3.4 Molds
Creating custom molds is a common way to leverage the benefits of SLA 3D printing to produce highly detailed custom parts without the 3D printing parts coming into direct contact with food. While SLA 3D prints are not suitable for directly molding foods, SLA resin 3D printers are perfect tools to create mold negatives, which can be vacuum-formed using food-safe plastic.
The tools and techniques for creating 3D-printed food molds are easy to master, and the results are often stunning.
- Mold Negatives: SLA 3D printers can create precise mold negatives that can be used to produce food-safe molds.
- Vacuum Forming: This process involves heating a sheet of food-safe plastic and then vacuum-forming it over the mold to create the final product.
3.5 Electroplating
Electroplating is the process of coating parts with metal using an electric current. The process is most commonly used for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion by creating a durable surface. SLA parts are ideal for electroplating due to their smooth surface finish. However, as plastics are nonconductive surfaces, SLA 3D prints have to be rendered conductive by coating with graphite, conductive lacquer, electroless plate, or a vaporized coating.
Food-safe metal coatings are available, but as the process involves various chemicals, ensuring that the workflow is approved for food contact is the developer’s own liability.
- Conductive Coatings: Applying a conductive coating is necessary to enable electroplating on SLA parts.
- Food-Safe Metals: Ensure that the metal used for electroplating is food-safe and does not leach harmful substances.
3.6 Ceramics
SLA 3D printing offers the unique possibility to produce ceramic parts. After 3D printing, parts can be fired in a kiln to burn out the resin and form a true ceramic part that is strong and heat-resistant. With subsequent food-safe glazing, the parts will become more hygienic and resistant to most chemicals.
A variety of food-safe glazes are available on the market, but make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions in accordance with food safety guidelines.
- Firing Process: Firing the 3D-printed part in a kiln removes the resin and creates a solid ceramic structure.
- Food-Safe Glazes: Applying a food-safe glaze seals the surface and makes the ceramic part suitable for food contact.
By understanding the unique considerations for SLA 3D printing, you can leverage this technology to create food-safe items using indirect methods like molding, electroplating, and ceramics.
4. Food Safe 3D Printing With Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
4.1 FDM 3D Printing Overview
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a 3D printing process that builds parts by melting and extruding thermoplastic filament. A print nozzle deposits this filament layer by layer in the build area.
- Thermoplastic Filament: The material used in FDM printing, which softens when heated and hardens when cooled.
- Layer-by-Layer Deposition: The process of building a 3D part by depositing layers of material on top of each other.
4.2 Challenges with FDM Parts
The extruded material in FDM printing is circular in cross-section, which leaves very narrow crevices between layers. The depth of these crevices is directly proportional to the layer height. For food-safe parts, it is recommended to print at the lowest feasible layer height to minimize these gaps.
The main challenge with FDM parts is avoiding the buildup of bacteria in these crevices. To be truly food-safe in the long term, an FDM 3D print needs to have a smooth surface. Chemical smoothing with solvents like acetone, d-Limonene, or ethyl acetate can remove many of the irregularities of the print, resulting in a smooth, glossy appearance. However, applying a subsequent food-safe coating is still highly recommended.
- Crevices and Bacteria: The gaps between layers in FDM prints can trap food particles and bacteria, making them difficult to clean.
- Chemical Smoothing: This process uses solvents to melt the surface of the print, reducing the size of the gaps and creating a smoother finish.
4.3 Nozzle Selection
Food-grade filaments do not contain any composite particles, so they will not wear down the nozzle into the print. Nevertheless, avoid brass nozzles that contain lead and use a dedicated stainless steel nozzle instead for all food contact items.
- Brass Nozzles: These nozzles may contain lead, which can leach into the printed part and contaminate food.
- Stainless Steel Nozzles: A safer alternative that does not contain harmful chemicals.
4.4 Material Compatibility
Always check the compatibility of your 3D printer’s components with the filament. For example, PEI is a material that is FDA-compliant and offers great mechanical benefits but needs to be processed at over 300 °C, which requires a specific printer solution.
- Printer Specifications: Ensure that your 3D printer can handle the temperature and other requirements of the filament you are using.
- Material Properties: Consider the mechanical properties of the filament, such as strength and durability, to ensure it is suitable for the intended application.
4.5 Food Safe FDM Materials (Food Safe 3D Printer Filaments)
The most common questions around FDM food safety concern two popular materials: PLA and ABS. Are they food-safe? The answer is, it depends.
Food-safe 3D printing filaments include PLA, PP, co-polyester, PET, PET-G, HIPS, and nylon-6, as well as some brands of ABS, ASA, and PEI. Running parts through the dishwasher rules out PET, nylon, and PLA because these plastics soften and distort around 60–70 °C. For applications involving hot liquids, co-polyester, High Temperature PLA, or PEI are most suited.
While not reflected in the regulations, some studies suspect that polystyrene may leach styrenes, co-polyesters might cause health concerns, and that food-grade FDM filaments might lose their safe status due to oxidation and thermal degradation from the printing process.
- PLA (Polylactic Acid): A biodegradable thermoplastic derived from renewable resources. It is generally considered food-safe but may not be suitable for high-temperature applications or dishwashing.
- ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene): A petroleum-based plastic that is strong and durable. Some brands of ABS are food-safe, but it is essential to check the manufacturer’s specifications.
- PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate): A common plastic used for water bottles and food containers. It is generally considered food-safe but may not be suitable for high-temperature applications.
- PET-G (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified): A modified version of PET that is more flexible and easier to print. It is generally considered food-safe and can withstand higher temperatures than PLA.
- PP (Polypropylene): A versatile plastic that is resistant to chemicals and heat. It is generally considered food-safe and can be used for a variety of food contact applications.
4.6 Material Comparison Table
| Filament | Brand | FDA | EU | Smoothable | Dishwasher Safe | Hot Liquids |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABS | Adwire PRO | Approved | NA | Yes, acetone | Yes | Yes |
| Innofil3D | Approved except red, orange, and pink | Approved except red, orange, and pink | Yes, acetone | Yes | Yes | |
| ASA | Innofil3D | NA | Compliant | Yes | No | |
| Bendlay | Orbi-Tech | NA | Compliant | Yes, brake cleaner | No | No |
| Biocompound | Extrudr GreenTEC | NA | Compliant | |||
| Co-Polyester | Colorfabb XT | Approved | Compliant | No | Yes | Yes |
| HIPS | Easyfil | Compliant | Compliant | Yes, d-limonene | Yes | No |
| Fillamentum | NA | Compliant | Yes, d-limonene | Yes | No | |
| InnoFil3D | Approved | Approved | Yes, d-limonene | Yes | No | |
| Nylon | Taulman Nylon 680 | Compliant | NA | No | No | |
| PEI | ULTEM® 1000 | Compliant | NA | Yes | Yes | |
| PET | InnoPet EPR | Approved except red and orange | Approved except red and orange | Yes, ethyl acetate | No | No |
| Refil | Approved | NA | Yes, ethyl acetate | No | No | |
| Taulman T-Glase | Approved | NA | Yes, ethyl acetate | No | No | |
| Verbatim | Compliant | NA | Yes, ethyl acetate | No | No | |
| PET-G | Extrudr MF | NA | Approved | Yes, ethyl acetate | No | No |
| HDGlass | Approved | Approved | Yes, ethyl acetate | No | No | |
| PLA | Filaments.ca TrueFS | Approved | NA | No | No | No |
| Fillamentum | NA | Compliant | No | No | No | |
| Innofil3D | Approved except red, orange, pink, apricot skin, grey, and magenta | Approved except red, orange, pink, apricot skin, grey, and magenta | No | No | No | |
| Copper3D PLActive Antibacterial | Approved | Compliant | No | No | No | |
| Makergeeks | Approved | NA | No | No | No | |
| Purement Antibacterial | Approved | Approved | No | No | No | |
| PLA-HT | Makergeeks Raptor | Approved | NA | No | Yes | Yes |
| Makergeeks Raptor | Approved | NA | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| PP | Centaur | Compliant | Compliant | No | Yes | Yes |
| InnoFil3D | Approved | Approved | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Nunus | Compliant | Compliant | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Verbatim | Compliant | NA | No | Yes | Yes | |
| SBS | Filamentarno | NA | Approved only in Russia | Yes, d-limonene | Yes | Yes |
Note: Please note that data in this table is subject to change.
By carefully selecting materials, using appropriate post-processing techniques, and ensuring compatibility with your 3D printer, you can minimize the risks associated with FDM 3D printing and create food-safe items.
5. Food Safe 3D Printing With Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
5.1 SLS 3D Printing Overview
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a 3D printing process that uses a high-powered laser to fuse small particles of polymer powder. The most common material for laser sintering is nylon, a popular engineering thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties.
- Polymer Powder: The material used in SLS printing, typically nylon or other thermoplastics.
- Laser Fusion: The process of using a laser to melt and fuse the powder particles together, creating a solid part.
5.2 Challenges with SLS Parts
While some SLS powders are graded food-safe, the particles on the surface of printed parts might not fuse completely, resulting in parts that are inherently porous and do not deal well with moisture and mold growth. Even though the nylon 12 powder can be steam cleaned in an autoclave, it is best to coat SLS parts with food-safe coatings to seal their surface.
- Porous Surfaces: The incomplete fusion of powder particles can create porous surfaces that are difficult to clean and can harbor bacteria.
- Moisture and Mold Growth: The porous nature of SLS parts makes them susceptible to moisture absorption and mold growth.
5.3 Post-Processing Steps
A common post-processing step for SLS parts is dying. But note that after an SLS part has been dyed, the dye may leach into the printed part, which renders the item not food-safe.
- Dying: Adding color to SLS parts using dyes. This process can compromise food safety if the dyes leach into the material.
- Food-Safe Coatings: Applying a food-safe coating is essential to seal the surface and prevent contamination.
By understanding the challenges associated with SLS 3D printing and taking appropriate post-processing steps, you can minimize the risks and create food-safe items.
6. FAQs About Food Safe 3D Printing
6.1 Is 3D-printed PLA food safe?
While PLA is derived from renewable resources and is generally considered food-safe, its use in 3D printing for food contact items requires careful consideration. PLA can harbor bacteria due to its porous nature and may not withstand high temperatures or dishwashing. Coating the PLA print with a food-safe sealant can help mitigate these risks.
6.2 Can I use ABS filament for food containers?
Not all ABS filaments are food safe. Ensure the ABS filament you choose is specifically certified as food-safe by regulatory bodies like the FDA or EU. Also, consider the potential for bacterial growth in the layered structure of 3D-printed ABS items.
6.3 What type of coating should I use to make a 3D print food safe?
Food-grade epoxy or polyurethane resins, such as Masterbond’s EP42HT-2FG or ArtResin, and FDA-approved PTFE (Teflon®) are suitable options for coating 3D prints. These coatings create a barrier that prevents bacterial buildup and particle migration.
6.4 How do I clean 3D-printed food containers safely?
Hand washing with warm, soapy water is generally safer than using a dishwasher, as high temperatures can degrade some 3D printing materials. Use a soft brush to clean crevices and ensure thorough drying to prevent bacterial growth.
6.5 What are the best materials for 3D printing utensils?
If you can’t find dishwasher safe, heat resistant 3D printing materials, it’s recommended that you use traditional utensils. Consider using materials like stainless steel, bamboo and other options. 3D printing food grade materials can work with traditional utensils to create customized molds for presentation, personalized grips, and more.
6.6 How can I prevent bacteria buildup in 3D-printed items?
Regularly clean and sanitize 3D-printed items, especially those used for food contact. Apply food-safe coatings to seal the surface and prevent bacterial growth. Avoid leaving 3D-printed items in contact with food for extended periods.
6.7 Is it safe to 3D print molds for chocolate or candy?
Yes, you can safely 3D print molds for chocolate or candy, provided you use food-safe materials and coatings. Ensure the mold is thoroughly cleaned and coated with a food-safe sealant to prevent any contamination.
6.8 Can I use a regular 3D printer for food-safe printing?
To ensure food safety, use a 3D printer with components that are food-grade and do not leach harmful chemicals. Designate specific printers and components exclusively for food-safe materials to avoid cross-contamination.
6.9 How do I know if a 3D printing filament is food safe?
Look for certifications from regulatory bodies like the FDA or EU that confirm the filament has been tested and approved for food contact applications. Always check the technical data sheets for explicit certification before use.
6.10 What is migration, and why is it a concern in 3D printing?
Migration refers to the transfer of particles from the 3D-printed material to the food it contacts. This is a concern because harmful chemicals or substances can leach into the food, posing health risks. Using food-safe materials and coatings helps minimize the risk of migration.
7. Conclusion and Further Reading
Food safety in 3D printing is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of the risks associated with different materials and processes. By following the guidelines outlined in this article, you can minimize these risks and create food-safe items for a variety of applications.
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