Food invention isn’t about a single moment, but rather a gradual process. FOODS.EDU.VN explores the rich tapestry of culinary history, from ancient preservation methods to modern innovations. Join us as we uncover the delicious details and savor the evolution of food! Learn more about food history, cooking techniques, and culinary advancements.
1. How Did Ancient Civilizations Preserve Food?
Ancient civilizations preserved food through various ingenious methods, including drying, freezing, fermenting, pickling, curing, and using honey or sugar, each adapted to their specific climates and resources. These techniques not only ensured survival but also laid the foundation for diverse culinary traditions.
To survive, ancient people had to creatively interact with nature. In cold climates, freezing seal meat on ice was common. In hot climates, drying foods under the sun was the norm. These methods allowed them to settle in one place and form communities, preserving food for later use. Evidence suggests that Middle Eastern and Oriental cultures actively dried foods as early as 12,000 B.C.
FOODS.EDU.VN offers an in-depth look at these traditional methods, providing insights into the science and cultural significance behind them.
2. What Role Did Drying Play in Early Food Preservation?
Drying was one of the earliest methods of food preservation, utilizing the natural power of the sun and wind to remove moisture and prevent spoilage. This technique was widely practiced across various cultures, with evidence dating back to 12,000 B.C.
In ancient times, the sun and wind naturally dried foods. Middle Eastern and Oriental cultures actively dried foods as early as 12,000 B.C. Later cultures adapted methods and materials to reflect their food supplies—fish, wild game, and domestic animals. Romans were particularly fond of dried fruit. In the Middle Ages, “still houses” were built to dry fruits, vegetables, and herbs in areas without strong sunlight. A fire provided the heat, sometimes smoking the foods.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides resources on how to recreate these ancient techniques in your own kitchen.
3. When Did Freezing Become a Food Preservation Method?
Freezing as a food preservation method has ancient roots, with cultures in colder climates utilizing natural freezing temperatures to preserve foods for millennia. The advent of mechanical refrigeration in the 19th century revolutionized freezing, leading to more efficient and widespread adoption. Clarence Birdseye’s quick-freeze process in the late 1800s further improved the quality and taste of frozen foods.
Freezing was an obvious preservation method in appropriate climates. Any area with freezing temperatures used them to preserve foods. Cellars, caves, and cool streams were used to prolong storage times. In America, estates had icehouses to store ice and food. The “icehouse” became an “icebox.” Mechanical refrigeration was invented in the 1800s. Clarence Birdseye discovered that quick freezing at very low temperatures made for better-tasting meats and vegetables.
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4. What is the History of Fermentation in Food?
Fermentation’s history is one of accidental discovery and subsequent mastery, with ancient peoples harnessing the power of microorganisms to preserve and transform food. Some anthropologists believe that mankind settled down from nomadic wanderers into farmers to grow barley to make beer around 10,000 BC. Beer was nutritious and the alcohol was divine, treated as a gift from the gods.
Fermentation was not invented but discovered. The first beer was likely discovered when barley grains were left in the rain, with microorganisms fermenting the starch-derived sugars into alcohols. This applies to fruits fermented into wine, cabbage into Kimchi or sauerkraut, and so on. The skill of ancient peoples to observe, harness, and encourage these fermentations is admirable.
Fermentation not only preserves foods but also enhances their nutritional value and palatability. Microorganisms produce vitamins during fermentation, resulting in a more nutritious end product.
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5. How Did Pickling Originate as a Food Preservation Technique?
Pickling originated from the practice of preserving foods in acidic solutions like vinegar, which inhibits the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms. Pickling may have originated when food was placed in wine or beer to preserve it, since both have a low pH. Perhaps the wine or beer went sour, and the taste of the food in it was appealing. Containers had to be made of stoneware or glass, since the vinegar would dissolve the metal from pots.
Pickling may have originated when food was placed in wine or beer to preserve it, since both have a low pH. Perhaps the wine or beer went sour, and the taste of the food in it was appealing. Containers had to be made of stoneware or glass, since the vinegar would dissolve the metal from pots. Never ones to waste anything our ancestors found uses for everything. The left over pickling brine found many uses. The Romans made a concentrated fish pickle sauce called “garum”, a powerful ingredient packing a lot of fish taste in a few drops.
FOODS.EDU.VN offers a variety of pickling recipes and guides to help you get started.
6. When Did Curing Become a Common Food Preservation Method?
Curing, primarily through salting and drying, dates back to ancient times, with early cultures using salt to desiccate foods and prevent spoilage. The earliest curing was actually dehydration. Early cultures used salt to help desiccate foods. Salting was common and even culinary by choosing raw salts from different sources (rock salt, sea salt, spiced salt, etc.). In the 1800’s it was discovered that certain sources of salt gave meat a red color instead of the usual unappetizing grey. Consumers overwhelmingly preferred the red colored meat. In this mixture of salts were nitrites (saltpeter). As the microbiology of Clostridium botulinum was elucidated in the 1920’s it was realized that nitrites inhibited this organism.
Salting was a common and even culinary practice, with different salts chosen for their unique flavors. In the 1800s, it was discovered that certain salts gave meat a red color due to the presence of nitrites, which also inhibit the growth of Clostridium botulinum.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides detailed guides on curing techniques.
7. How Did the Use of Sugar and Honey Evolve in Food Preservation?
Preservation with honey and sugar was well known to the earliest cultures. Fruits kept in honey were commonplace. In ancient Greece quince was mixed with honey, dried somewhat and packed tightly into jars. The Romans improved on the method by cooking the quince and honey producing a solid texture.
Fruits kept in honey were commonplace. In ancient Greece quince was mixed with honey, dried somewhat, and packed tightly into jars. The Romans improved the method by cooking the quince and honey, producing a solid texture. Housewives in northern climates learned to make preserves by heating fruit with sugar.
FOODS.EDU.VN offers recipes and tips for preserving foods with honey and sugar, combining ancient wisdom with modern techniques.
8. What is the History of Canning as a Food Preservation Method?
Canning is the newest of the food preservations methods being pioneered in the 1790s when a French confectioner, Nicolas Appert, discovered that the application of heat to food in sealed glass bottles preserved the food from deterioration. He theorized “if it works for wine, why not foods?” In about 1806 Appert’s principles were successfully trialed by the French Navy on a wide range of foods including meat, vegetables, fruit and even milk. Based on Appert’s methods Englishman, Peter Durand, used tin cans in 1810.
Canning is the process in which foods are placed in jars or cans and heated to a temperature that destroys microorganisms and inactivates enzymes. This heating and later cooling forms a vacuum seal, preventing other microorganisms from recontaminating the food. Canning was pioneered in the 1790s by Nicolas Appert, a French confectioner, who discovered that heating food in sealed glass bottles preserved it from deterioration. His principles were successfully tested by the French Navy around 1806.
Appert had found a new and successful method to preserve foods, but he did not fully understand it. It was thought that the exclusion of air was responsible for the preservations. It was not until 1864 when Louis Pasteur discovered the relationship between microorganisms and food spoilage/illness did it become clearer. Just prior to Pasteur’s discovery Raymond Chevalier-Appert patented the pressure retort (canner) in 1851 to can at temperatures higher than 212ºF. However, not until the 1920’s was the significance of this method known in relation to Clostridium botulinum.
FOODS.EDU.VN offers comprehensive guides and recipes for safe and effective canning practices.
9. How Did New World Foods Impact Food Preservation Techniques?
The arrival of new foods from the New World in the sixteenth century significantly impacted food preservation techniques, leading to the development of new recipes and methods. There was a spectacular increase in food preservation in the sixteenth century owing to the arrival in Europe of new foods. Ketchup was an oriental fish brine that traveled the spice route to Europe and eventually to America where someone finally added sugar to it. Spices were added to these pickling sauces to make clever recipes. Soon chutneys, relishes, piccalillis, mustards, and ketchups were commonplace. Worcester sauce was an accident from a forgotten barrel of special relish. It aged for many years in the basement of the Lea and Perrins Chemist shop.
Ketchup, originally an oriental fish brine, traveled the spice route to Europe and America, where sugar was added. Spices were added to pickling sauces, creating chutneys, relishes, piccalillis, mustards, and ketchups. Worcester sauce was accidentally created from a forgotten barrel of special relish.
FOODS.EDU.VN explores how these new ingredients revolutionized culinary traditions and preservation methods.
10. What Cultural Significance Does Food Preservation Hold?
Some historians believe that food preservation was not only for sustenance, but also cultural. They point to numerous special occasion preserved foods that have religious or celebratory meanings. In America more and more people live in cities and procure foods commercially. They have been removed from a rural self-sufficient way of life. Yet, for many, a garden is still a welcome site. And, annually there exists a bounty crop of vegetables and fruits. It is this cultural nature of preserved foods that survives today. Interests have shifted from preserve “because we have to”, to “preserve because we like to.”
Food preservation holds significant cultural importance, with many preserved foods having religious or celebratory meanings. While modern society relies on commercial food sources, the cultural nature of preserved foods survives today, with interests shifting from necessity to enjoyment.
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11. When Did Specific Food Preservation Techniques Become Widespread?
The timeline of food preservation techniques becoming widespread varies by method:
- Drying: 12,000 B.C. in Middle East and Orient.
- Freezing: Ancient times in cold climates; mechanical refrigeration in the 1800s.
- Fermentation: Around 10,000 B.C. for beer.
- Pickling: Ancient times with wine and beer; increased in the 16th century with new foods.
- Curing: Ancient times through salting; nitrites discovered in the 1800s.
- Sugar/Honey Preservation: Ancient times; preserves in northern climates after sugar cane introduction.
- Canning: 1790s with Nicolas Appert.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides detailed timelines and historical context for each technique.
12. What Developments Led to Modern Food Preservation Methods?
Several key developments led to modern food preservation methods:
- Scientific Understanding: Louis Pasteur’s discovery of the relationship between microorganisms and food spoilage.
- Technological Advancements: Mechanical refrigeration, quick-freeze processes, and pressure retorts (canners).
- Industrialization: Mass production of canned goods and frozen foods.
- Chemical Preservatives: Discovery and use of additives to inhibit microbial growth.
These advancements have transformed food preservation from a necessity to a science.
FOODS.EDU.VN offers in-depth articles on these modern advancements.
13. How Do Traditional Food Preservation Methods Compare to Modern Techniques?
Traditional food preservation methods rely on natural processes and ingredients, while modern techniques utilize advanced technology and scientific understanding.
Method | Traditional Techniques | Modern Techniques |
---|---|---|
Drying | Sun and wind | Dehydrators, freeze-drying |
Freezing | Natural freezing temperatures | Mechanical freezers, cryogenic freezing |
Fermentation | Natural microorganisms | Controlled cultures, precise conditions |
Pickling | Vinegar, salt brine | Pasteurization, chemical preservatives |
Curing | Salt, smoking | Nitrites, nitrates |
Sugar/Honey | High concentrations of sugar or honey | Vacuum packing, modified atmosphere packaging |
Canning | Boiling water bath, open-kettle canning | Pressure canning, aseptic processing |
Other Aspects | Simple equipment, local ingredients | Sophisticated machinery, global distribution |
Modern techniques generally offer longer shelf life and better control over safety, but traditional methods often retain cultural and flavor nuances.
Discover the best of both worlds with recipes and techniques on FOODS.EDU.VN.
14. What is the Science Behind Different Food Preservation Methods?
The science behind food preservation involves inhibiting or killing microorganisms, inactivating enzymes, and preventing oxidation.
- Drying: Removes moisture to prevent microbial growth.
- Freezing: Slows down microbial growth and enzymatic activity.
- Fermentation: Creates an acidic environment that inhibits spoilage organisms.
- Pickling: Acidifies food to prevent microbial growth.
- Curing: Uses salt and nitrites to inhibit Clostridium botulinum.
- Sugar/Honey: High sugar concentration reduces water activity.
- Canning: Heat destroys microorganisms; vacuum seal prevents recontamination.
Understanding these principles allows for safer and more effective food preservation.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides resources to deepen your understanding of food science.
15. What Are the Health and Safety Considerations for Each Food Preservation Method?
Each food preservation method comes with specific health and safety considerations:
Method | Health and Safety Considerations |
---|---|
Drying | Proper drying to prevent mold growth; storing in airtight containers. |
Freezing | Maintaining consistent temperatures; preventing freezer burn; thawing properly to avoid bacterial growth. |
Fermentation | Using safe starter cultures; controlling conditions to prevent harmful bacteria; monitoring pH levels. |
Pickling | Using proper vinegar concentration; ensuring jars are properly sealed to prevent botulism; using appropriate containers. |
Curing | Using correct amount of nitrites to prevent botulism; storing properly to avoid spoilage; monitoring water activity. |
Sugar/Honey | Ensuring high enough sugar concentration to prevent microbial growth; storing in airtight containers. |
Canning | Following approved recipes; using proper canning techniques to prevent botulism; ensuring jars are properly sealed; processing for the correct time and pressure. |
Adhering to these considerations ensures safe and enjoyable food preservation.
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16. How Has Food Preservation Influenced Culinary Development?
Food preservation has profoundly influenced culinary development by:
- Enabling Trade: Preserved foods could be transported over long distances, leading to the exchange of ingredients and culinary techniques.
- Creating New Dishes: Preservation techniques led to the creation of new dishes, such as pickles, jams, and cured meats.
- Extending Seasons: Preservation allowed people to enjoy seasonal foods year-round, expanding culinary possibilities.
- Cultural Identity: Preserved foods often became integral parts of cultural identity, passed down through generations.
FOODS.EDU.VN explores these influences in detail, highlighting the evolution of culinary traditions.
17. What Role Does Food Preservation Play in Modern Food Security?
Food preservation plays a crucial role in modern food security by:
- Reducing Food Waste: Preservation extends the shelf life of food, reducing waste and ensuring more food is available.
- Ensuring Availability: Preservation allows food to be stored and transported to areas where it is needed, ensuring availability in times of scarcity.
- Providing Nutrition: Preserved foods can provide essential nutrients during times when fresh food is unavailable.
FOODS.EDU.VN is committed to promoting sustainable food practices, including effective preservation techniques.
18. How Can I Get Started with Food Preservation at Home?
To get started with food preservation at home:
- Choose a Method: Select a method that suits your lifestyle and available resources.
- Gather Equipment: Acquire the necessary equipment, such as jars, dehydrators, or fermentation crocks.
- Follow Recipes: Use tested and approved recipes from reliable sources.
- Practice Safety: Adhere to safety guidelines to prevent foodborne illnesses.
- Start Small: Begin with simple projects and gradually expand your skills.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides all the resources you need to embark on your food preservation journey.
19. Where Can I Find Reliable Information on Food Preservation?
Reliable information on food preservation can be found at:
- FOODS.EDU.VN: Comprehensive articles, recipes, and guides on various preservation methods.
- University Extension Services: Local extension offices offer workshops and resources on food preservation.
- National Center for Home Food Preservation: Provides research-based recommendations for safe home food preservation.
- Books and Publications: Look for reputable books and publications on food preservation techniques.
FOODS.EDU.VN is your go-to source for accurate and up-to-date information on all things food preservation.
20. How Can I Contribute to the Future of Food Preservation?
You can contribute to the future of food preservation by:
- Learning and Sharing: Educate yourself and others about safe and sustainable preservation practices.
- Experimenting: Explore new and innovative preservation techniques.
- Supporting Local Producers: Buy locally sourced foods and preserve them yourself.
- Reducing Waste: Practice mindful consumption and preservation to minimize food waste.
Together, we can ensure a sustainable and secure food future.
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21. What Are Some Common Myths About Food Preservation?
There are several common myths about food preservation that need debunking:
- Myth: Canning is too difficult and dangerous.
- Fact: With proper techniques and following approved recipes, canning is a safe and rewarding process.
- Myth: Freezing kills all bacteria.
- Fact: Freezing only slows down bacterial growth; it does not kill all bacteria.
- Myth: Pickling only works with cucumbers.
- Fact: Pickling can be used with a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.
- Myth: Homemade preserves are always better than store-bought.
- Fact: Homemade preserves can be delicious, but safety and quality depend on proper techniques and ingredients.
FOODS.EDU.VN helps you separate fact from fiction, ensuring safe and effective food preservation practices.
22. What Are Emerging Trends in Food Preservation?
Emerging trends in food preservation include:
- Sustainable Practices: Focus on reducing environmental impact and promoting local sourcing.
- Innovative Technologies: Development of new technologies such as pulsed electric field processing and high-pressure processing.
- Natural Preservatives: Use of natural ingredients such as essential oils and plant extracts to preserve food.
- Personalized Preservation: Tailoring preservation methods to individual dietary needs and preferences.
FOODS.EDU.VN stays ahead of the curve, bringing you the latest advancements in food preservation.
23. How Do Different Cultures Approach Food Preservation?
Different cultures approach food preservation with unique techniques and traditions:
- Asian Cultures: Fermentation is a cornerstone, with foods like kimchi, miso, and soy sauce playing central roles.
- European Cultures: Curing and pickling are prevalent, with cured meats, cheeses, and pickled vegetables being staples.
- Mediterranean Cultures: Drying and preserving in oil are common, with sun-dried tomatoes and olive oil-preserved vegetables being popular.
- Latin American Cultures: Drying and pickling are widely used, with dried meats, pickled peppers, and preserved fruits being common.
These diverse approaches reflect the unique resources and culinary traditions of each culture.
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24. What Equipment Do I Need for Different Food Preservation Methods?
The equipment needed for different food preservation methods varies depending on the technique:
Method | Equipment |
---|---|
Drying | Dehydrator, oven, or drying racks; airtight containers for storage. |
Freezing | Freezer; freezer bags or containers. |
Fermentation | Fermentation crocks or jars; airlocks; weights; pH meter. |
Pickling | Jars; canning equipment; vinegar; spices. |
Curing | Curing chamber or refrigerator; salt; nitrates/nitrites; smoker (optional). |
Sugar/Honey | Jars; canning equipment; sugar or honey. |
Canning | Jars; canning pot; jar lifter; headspace tool; pressure canner (for low-acid foods). |
Having the right equipment makes food preservation easier and safer.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides recommendations and reviews of essential food preservation equipment.
25. What Are the Best Resources for Learning Safe Canning Practices?
The best resources for learning safe canning practices include:
- National Center for Home Food Preservation (NCHFP): Offers comprehensive guides and recipes for safe home canning.
- USDA Complete Guide to Home Canning: Provides detailed instructions on canning various foods.
- Local Extension Offices: Offer workshops and resources on canning in your area.
- Ball Blue Book Guide to Preserving: A trusted resource for canning recipes and techniques.
Following these resources ensures safe and successful canning outcomes.
FOODS.EDU.VN links to these reputable sources, providing you with the most reliable information available.
26. How Does Altitude Affect Food Preservation?
Altitude affects food preservation, particularly canning, because water boils at lower temperatures at higher altitudes. This means that processing times must be adjusted to ensure food is heated sufficiently to kill harmful bacteria.
Altitude (feet) | Increase Processing Time (minutes) | Increase Pressure (PSI) |
---|---|---|
1,001 – 2,000 | 5 | 12 |
2,001 – 4,000 | 10 | 13 |
4,001 – 6,000 | 15 | 14 |
6,001 – 8,000 | 20 | 15 |
8,001 – 10,000 | 25 | 16 |
Properly adjusting processing times and pressures is crucial for safe canning at higher altitudes.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides detailed guidelines for altitude adjustments in food preservation.
27. What Are Some Creative Ways to Use Preserved Foods?
There are countless creative ways to use preserved foods:
- Pickled Vegetables: Add to salads, sandwiches, or charcuterie boards.
- Jams and Preserves: Use as toppings for toast, yogurt, or ice cream; incorporate into baked goods or sauces.
- Dried Fruits: Snack on them, add to trail mix, or use in baking.
- Canned Tomatoes: Use in soups, stews, sauces, or chili.
- Cured Meats: Add to pizzas, sandwiches, or pasta dishes.
FOODS.EDU.VN inspires you to get creative with preserved foods, offering unique recipes and serving suggestions.
28. What Are the Nutritional Benefits of Preserved Foods?
The nutritional benefits of preserved foods vary depending on the method and food:
- Fermented Foods: Rich in probiotics, which support gut health.
- Dried Fruits: Good source of fiber and antioxidants.
- Canned Tomatoes: High in lycopene, a powerful antioxidant.
- Preserved Vegetables: Retain many vitamins and minerals.
However, some preservation methods can reduce certain nutrients, so it’s important to choose methods that preserve nutritional value.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides nutritional information and tips for preserving foods to retain their health benefits.
29. What Are Some Common Food Safety Mistakes to Avoid When Preserving Food?
Common food safety mistakes to avoid when preserving food include:
- Using Unapproved Recipes: Always use tested and approved recipes from reliable sources.
- Improper Sealing: Ensure jars are properly sealed to prevent botulism.
- Inadequate Processing: Follow recommended processing times and pressures to kill harmful bacteria.
- Cross-Contamination: Avoid cross-contamination by using clean equipment and surfaces.
- Ignoring Signs of Spoilage: Discard any preserved food that shows signs of spoilage, such as mold, off-odors, or bulging lids.
Avoiding these mistakes ensures safe and enjoyable food preservation experiences.
FOODS.EDU.VN offers detailed safety guidelines and checklists to help you avoid common errors.
30. How Can I Store Preserved Foods Properly?
Proper storage of preserved foods is essential for maintaining quality and safety:
- Canned Foods: Store in a cool, dark, and dry place.
- Dried Foods: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place.
- Frozen Foods: Store at a consistent temperature of 0°F (-18°C) or lower.
- Pickled Foods: Store in a cool, dark place, or refrigerate after opening.
Following these guidelines ensures your preserved foods stay fresh and safe for consumption.
FOODS.EDU.VN provides storage tips and best practices for each type of preserved food.
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FAQ: Unveiling the Mysteries of Food History
Here are some frequently asked questions to deepen your understanding of when food was invented and how it has evolved over time:
1. When Did Humans First Start Cooking Food?
Cooking dates back at least 1.8 million years, with evidence suggesting early humans used fire to cook meat and vegetables. This transformative practice improved digestibility and nutritional value.
2. When Were the First Agricultural Practices Developed?
Agriculture emerged around 10,000 BC in the Fertile Crescent, with the domestication of crops like wheat and barley. This marked a significant shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agricultural communities.
3. When Did Specific Cuisines Start to Emerge?
Distinct cuisines began to develop around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago in regions like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. These cuisines reflected local ingredients, culinary techniques, and cultural influences.
4. When Was Bread Invented?
Bread dates back to around 8,000 BC in the Middle East. Early forms of bread were unleavened and made from coarsely ground grains.
5. When Was Pasta Invented?
Evidence suggests that pasta existed as early as 1100 BC in China. However, modern pasta as we know it evolved in Italy during the Middle Ages.
6. When Was Chocolate First Consumed?
Chocolate consumption dates back to around 1900 BC in Mesoamerica. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations consumed chocolate as a bitter beverage.
7. When Was Coffee Discovered?
Coffee originated in Ethiopia, with evidence suggesting its consumption dates back to the 15th century. It quickly spread to the Arabian Peninsula and then to the rest of the world.
8. When Were Spices First Used in Cooking?
Spices have been used in cooking for thousands of years, with evidence dating back to ancient civilizations in Asia and the Middle East. Spices were valued for their flavor, aroma, and preservative properties.
9. When Did Restaurants Start to Appear?
The concept of restaurants as public dining establishments emerged in China during the Song Dynasty (10th-13th centuries). In Europe, the first modern restaurant opened in Paris in the 18th century.
10. When Did Fast Food Become Popular?
Fast food gained popularity in the United States during the 20th century, with the rise of chains like McDonald’s and KFC. This phenomenon reflected the changing lifestyles and increasing demand for convenient food options.
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