Does Dog Food Expire? Ensuring your furry friend receives the most nutritious and safe meals is crucial, and FOODS.EDU.VN is here to help you understand the shelf life of dog food, proper storage methods, and how to identify expired products. Explore our in-depth guide and unlock a wealth of information that ensures your dog’s well-being. Let’s delve into the world of canine nutrition, best-by dates, and rancidity prevention.
1. Understanding Dog Food Expiration Dates
Dog food doesn’t exactly “expire” in the way that fresh produce does, but it certainly loses its nutritional value and can become unsafe over time. It’s essential to understand what the dates on dog food packaging really mean.
1.1. Best By vs. Expiration Dates
Dog food packaging typically includes a “best by” or “use by” date rather than a hard expiration date. This date indicates how long the manufacturer guarantees the food will retain its full nutritional value. After this date, the food may still be safe to eat, but its quality and nutrient content will diminish.
1.2. How Are These Dates Determined?
Manufacturers determine “best by” dates based on rigorous testing and analysis. They consider factors such as the degradation rate of vitamins, minerals, and fats in the food. According to the American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), these dates ensure the food remains nutritionally adequate until that point, provided it’s stored correctly.
1.3. Legal Requirements for Dating
While there isn’t a federal law requiring pet food to have an expiration date, many states have regulations mandating that pet food packaging includes a “best by” or “use by” date. This requirement ensures transparency and helps pet owners make informed decisions.
2. Nutritional Degradation Over Time
Even if dog food doesn’t show visible signs of spoilage, its nutritional content can degrade significantly over time. This loss of nutrients can impact your dog’s health and well-being.
2.1. Vitamin Loss
Vitamins, especially those sensitive to light and air, degrade over time. For example, Vitamin E, an important antioxidant, can break down, reducing its effectiveness. A study published in the Journal of Animal Science found that Vitamin E levels in pet food decreased significantly after the “best by” date.
2.2. Fat Rancidity
Fats in dog food can become rancid, leading to unpleasant odors and flavors. Rancid fats not only make the food unpalatable but also produce harmful free radicals that can damage cells. The National Institutes of Health emphasizes that exposure to warmth enhances rancidity, especially in formulations rich in fats and oils.
2.3. Protein Degradation
While proteins are more stable than vitamins and fats, they can still degrade over extended periods. This degradation can reduce the availability of essential amino acids, which are crucial for muscle development and overall health.
3. Risks of Feeding Expired Dog Food
Feeding your dog food that has passed its “best by” date carries several risks, ranging from nutritional deficiencies to potential health problems.
3.1. Nutritional Deficiencies
As nutrients degrade, your dog may not receive the balanced diet they need. This can lead to deficiencies that manifest as skin problems, digestive issues, or weakened immunity.
3.2. Digestive Issues
Expired dog food can harbor bacteria and mold that cause digestive upset. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. In severe cases, these issues can lead to dehydration and require veterinary attention.
3.3. Toxin Exposure
Mold and bacteria in expired dog food can produce toxins harmful to your dog. For example, aflatoxins, produced by certain molds, can cause liver damage and even be fatal. The FDA warns that proper storage is crucial to prevent the growth of these harmful substances.
4. Identifying Expired Dog Food
Knowing how to identify expired dog food is essential for protecting your pet’s health. Here are some key signs to look for.
4.1. Check the Date
Always start by checking the “best by” or “use by” date on the packaging. If the date has passed, it’s best to err on the side of caution and discard the food.
4.2. Visual Inspection
Look for any visible signs of mold, discoloration, or insect infestation. Mold can appear as white or greenish patches, while discoloration may indicate oxidation or rancidity.
4.3. Smell Test
Trust your nose. Expired dog food often has a rancid or stale odor. If the food smells off, it’s likely no longer safe to feed your dog.
4.4. Texture Changes
Changes in texture, such as excessive dryness or clumping, can also indicate spoilage. These changes often occur due to moisture exposure or degradation of fats.
Pouring Dry Food into Dog Bowl
Storing dog food properly in an airtight container is essential to maintaining its freshness and nutritional value, preventing rancidity and contamination.
5. Proper Dog Food Storage
Proper storage is crucial for extending the shelf life of dog food and preventing spoilage. Follow these guidelines to keep your dog’s food fresh and safe.
5.1. Airtight Containers
Transfer dry dog food to an airtight container as soon as you open the bag. This helps prevent exposure to air and moisture, which can accelerate spoilage.
5.2. Original Packaging
The FDA recommends keeping the food in its original packaging inside the airtight container. This allows you to retain important information, such as the lot number, in case of a recall.
5.3. Cool, Dry Place
Store the container in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat. High temperatures can accelerate the degradation of fats and vitamins.
5.4. Avoid Moisture
Moisture promotes the growth of mold and bacteria. Ensure the storage area is dry and that the container is properly sealed.
5.5. Wash Containers Regularly
Wash and dry the dog food container thoroughly before refilling it. This prevents the buildup of residue that can contaminate fresh food.
6. Wet Dog Food Storage
Wet dog food requires different storage methods than dry food. Once opened, wet food must be refrigerated to prevent spoilage.
6.1. Refrigeration
Refrigerate opened cans or pouches of wet dog food immediately. Use an airtight lid or plastic wrap to cover the food and prevent it from drying out.
6.2. Use Within 2-3 Days
Use refrigerated wet dog food within 2-3 days. After this time, the food may become unsafe due to bacterial growth.
6.3. Discard Unused Portions
If your dog doesn’t finish the food within the recommended timeframe, discard the unused portion. It’s better to waste a small amount of food than risk your dog’s health.
7. Dog Treat Storage
Dog treats also have a shelf life and require proper storage. Follow these tips to keep your dog’s treats fresh and appealing.
7.1. Small Packages
Buy treats in small packages to ensure they are used up quickly. This minimizes the risk of spoilage and ensures your dog always gets the freshest treats.
7.2. Airtight Containers
Store treats in airtight containers to prevent exposure to air and moisture. Some treats even come with instructions to “use within 30 days after opening,” so pay attention to these warnings.
7.3. Avoid Sunlight
Keep treats away from direct sunlight, which can cause them to dry out and lose their flavor. A cool, dark pantry is an ideal storage location.
8. Extending Dog Food Shelf Life
While you can’t stop the natural degradation process, you can take steps to extend the shelf life of dog food and ensure your pet receives the best nutrition possible.
8.1. Buy Smaller Bags
Buying smaller bags of dog food ensures that you use the food before it has a chance to degrade significantly. This is especially important if you have a small dog or only feed dry food occasionally.
8.2. Freeze Excess Food
If you buy a large bag of dog food, consider freezing a portion of it to extend its shelf life. Divide the food into smaller portions and store them in freezer-safe bags or containers.
8.3. Use Oxygen Absorbers
Oxygen absorbers can help remove oxygen from the dog food container, slowing down the oxidation process and extending the food’s freshness. These absorbers are commonly used in food packaging and can be purchased online.
9. Dog Food Subscription Services
Dog food subscription services can help ensure you always have fresh food on hand. These services deliver food regularly, reducing the need to buy large bags that may expire before you use them.
9.1. Customized Portions
Many subscription services offer customized portion sizes based on your dog’s weight, age, and activity level. This helps minimize waste and ensures your dog receives the right amount of food.
9.2. Regular Deliveries
Regular deliveries mean you always have fresh food available, reducing the risk of feeding your dog expired or degraded food.
9.3. High-Quality Ingredients
Subscription services often use high-quality ingredients and carefully formulate their recipes to meet your dog’s nutritional needs.
10. Homemade Dog Food
Making your own dog food can be a great way to ensure your pet receives fresh, wholesome meals. However, it’s important to follow certain guidelines to ensure the food is nutritionally balanced and safe.
10.1. Balanced Recipes
Consult with a veterinary nutritionist to develop balanced recipes that meet your dog’s specific needs. This ensures they receive all the necessary vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients.
10.2. Fresh Ingredients
Use fresh, high-quality ingredients when making homemade dog food. Avoid using ingredients that are nearing their expiration date or show signs of spoilage.
10.3. Proper Storage
Store homemade dog food in the refrigerator or freezer to prevent bacterial growth. Use airtight containers to maintain freshness and prevent freezer burn.
11. Understanding Dog Food Recalls
Dog food recalls occur when manufacturers discover that their products may be unsafe or contaminated. Knowing how to stay informed about recalls is crucial for protecting your pet.
11.1. Stay Informed
Sign up for recall alerts from the FDA and pet food manufacturers. Regularly check the FDA website for the latest recall announcements.
11.2. Check Lot Numbers
Always check the lot number on your dog food packaging against recall lists. If your food is part of a recall, stop feeding it to your dog immediately and contact the manufacturer for instructions.
11.3. Monitor Your Dog
Monitor your dog for any signs of illness, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or loss of appetite. If you suspect your dog has eaten recalled food, contact your veterinarian immediately.
12. Common Mistakes in Dog Food Storage
Even with the best intentions, pet owners can make mistakes that compromise the quality and safety of their dog food. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid.
12.1. Not Using Airtight Containers
Failing to use airtight containers is one of the most common mistakes. Exposure to air and moisture can quickly degrade the quality of dog food.
12.2. Storing Food in Warm Places
Storing dog food in warm places, such as near a stove or in direct sunlight, can accelerate the degradation of fats and vitamins.
12.3. Not Washing Containers
Not washing dog food containers regularly can lead to the buildup of residue that contaminates fresh food.
12.4. Ignoring Expiration Dates
Ignoring expiration dates and feeding expired food can lead to nutritional deficiencies and health problems.
13. Innovative Packaging Solutions
Manufacturers are constantly developing innovative packaging solutions to extend the shelf life of dog food and maintain its quality.
13.1. Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
MAP involves altering the atmosphere inside the packaging to slow down spoilage. This can include reducing oxygen levels or adding gases that inhibit microbial growth.
13.2. Vacuum Sealing
Vacuum sealing removes air from the packaging, preventing oxidation and extending the shelf life of the food.
13.3. Barrier Films
Barrier films provide a protective layer that prevents moisture and oxygen from entering the packaging, keeping the food fresh for longer.
14. The Role of Antioxidants
Antioxidants play a crucial role in preserving the quality of dog food by preventing the oxidation of fats and other nutrients.
14.1. Natural Antioxidants
Natural antioxidants, such as Vitamin E and rosemary extract, are commonly added to dog food to protect against spoilage.
14.2. Synthetic Antioxidants
Synthetic antioxidants, such as BHA and BHT, are also used to preserve dog food. However, some pet owners prefer to avoid these additives due to potential health concerns.
15. Impact of Climate on Dog Food Shelf Life
Climate plays a significant role in how long dog food stays fresh. High humidity and temperatures can accelerate spoilage, so it’s important to adjust your storage practices accordingly.
15.1. Humid Climates
In humid climates, it’s especially important to use airtight containers and store food in a cool, dry place. Consider using dehumidifiers to reduce moisture levels in your storage area.
15.2. Hot Climates
In hot climates, avoid storing dog food in garages or sheds that can become excessively warm. Instead, store it in a temperature-controlled environment.
16. Dog Food Additives and Preservatives
Additives and preservatives are used to extend the shelf life of dog food and maintain its quality. Understanding the different types of additives can help you make informed choices.
16.1. Natural Preservatives
Natural preservatives, such as Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and rosemary extract, are derived from natural sources and are generally considered safe for pets.
16.2. Artificial Preservatives
Artificial preservatives, such as BHA, BHT, and ethoxyquin, are synthetic compounds that can effectively prevent spoilage. However, some pet owners prefer to avoid these additives due to potential health concerns.
17. How to Dispose of Expired Dog Food
Properly disposing of expired dog food is important to prevent your pet from accidentally consuming it and to avoid attracting pests.
17.1. Seal in a Bag
Seal the expired dog food in a plastic bag to prevent odors and deter animals.
17.2. Place in Trash
Place the sealed bag in the trash can. Ensure the trash can has a tight-fitting lid to prevent pests from getting into it.
17.3. Consider Composting
If you compost, consider adding the expired dog food to your compost pile. However, avoid composting meat-based foods, as they can attract pests and create unpleasant odors.
18. Debunking Myths About Dog Food Expiration
There are several myths surrounding dog food expiration that can lead to confusion and potentially harmful practices. Let’s debunk some of the most common ones.
18.1. Myth: Dry Dog Food Never Expires
While dry dog food has a longer shelf life than wet food, it does expire. Over time, the nutrients degrade, and the food can become unsafe due to mold and bacteria.
18.2. Myth: A Little Mold Won’t Hurt
Even small amounts of mold can be harmful to your dog. Certain molds produce toxins that can cause liver damage and other health problems.
18.3. Myth: Freezing Restores Nutrients
Freezing can help extend the shelf life of dog food, but it doesn’t restore nutrients that have already degraded.
19. Choosing the Right Dog Food
Choosing the right dog food is essential for your pet’s health and well-being. Consider factors such as your dog’s age, breed, activity level, and any specific dietary needs.
19.1. Read Labels Carefully
Read dog food labels carefully to understand the ingredients and nutritional content. Look for foods that list meat as the first ingredient and avoid those with excessive fillers or artificial additives.
19.2. Consult Your Veterinarian
Consult your veterinarian for recommendations on the best dog food for your pet. They can help you choose a food that meets your dog’s specific needs and addresses any health concerns.
19.3. Consider Life Stage
Choose a dog food that is appropriate for your dog’s life stage. Puppy food, adult food, and senior food are formulated to meet the specific nutritional needs of each stage.
20. Understanding AAFCO Standards
The American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) sets standards for pet food to ensure it is safe and nutritionally adequate. Look for dog foods that meet AAFCO standards.
20.1. Nutritional Adequacy Statement
Check the dog food label for a nutritional adequacy statement, which indicates that the food meets AAFCO standards for a particular life stage.
20.2. Ingredient Standards
AAFCO also sets standards for ingredients used in pet food, ensuring they are safe and of high quality.
21. Exploring Grain-Free Dog Food
Grain-free dog food has become increasingly popular in recent years. Understanding the benefits and potential drawbacks of grain-free diets can help you make informed decisions.
21.1. Benefits of Grain-Free
Some dogs with allergies or sensitivities may benefit from grain-free diets. These diets can help reduce digestive issues and skin problems in sensitive dogs.
21.2. Potential Drawbacks
Grain-free diets may not be necessary for all dogs. Some studies have linked grain-free diets to heart problems in certain breeds. Consult your veterinarian before switching to a grain-free diet.
22. The Importance of Freshness Seals
Freshness seals on dog food packaging help protect the food from air and moisture, extending its shelf life.
22.1. Types of Seals
Common types of freshness seals include airtight zippers, resealable closures, and vacuum-sealed packaging.
22.2. Check for Damage
Always check the freshness seal for any signs of damage before purchasing dog food. A broken seal can compromise the quality of the food.
23. The Role of Omega Fatty Acids
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential for your dog’s health, supporting skin health, immune function, and brain development.
23.1. Sources of Omega Fatty Acids
Good sources of omega fatty acids in dog food include fish oil, flaxseed, and sunflower oil.
23.2. Benefits of Omega Fatty Acids
Omega fatty acids can help reduce inflammation, improve skin and coat health, and support cognitive function in dogs.
24. Understanding Dog Food Labels
Understanding dog food labels is essential for making informed choices about what you feed your pet.
24.1. Ingredient List
The ingredient list is organized in descending order by weight. Look for foods that list meat as the first ingredient and avoid those with excessive fillers.
24.2. Guaranteed Analysis
The guaranteed analysis provides information on the minimum percentages of crude protein and crude fat, as well as the maximum percentages of crude fiber and moisture.
24.3. Feeding Guidelines
The feeding guidelines provide recommendations on how much food to feed your dog based on their weight and activity level.
25. The Impact of Processing Methods
The way dog food is processed can impact its nutritional value and digestibility.
25.1. Extrusion
Extrusion is a common processing method used to make dry dog food. It involves cooking the ingredients at high temperatures and pressures.
25.2. Baking
Baking is a gentler processing method that can help preserve nutrients and improve digestibility.
25.3. Raw Diets
Raw diets involve feeding dogs uncooked meat, bones, and vegetables. These diets are controversial and may carry a risk of bacterial contamination.
26. Maintaining a Clean Feeding Area
Maintaining a clean feeding area is essential for preventing bacterial growth and keeping your pet healthy.
26.1. Wash Bowls Regularly
Wash your dog’s food and water bowls daily with hot, soapy water.
26.2. Clean Up Spills
Clean up any food spills immediately to prevent bacterial growth and attract pests.
26.3. Use a Clean Mat
Use a clean mat under your dog’s food and water bowls to catch spills and protect your floors.
27. Understanding Dog Food Allergies
Dog food allergies can cause a variety of symptoms, including skin problems, digestive issues, and ear infections.
27.1. Common Allergens
Common allergens in dog food include beef, chicken, dairy, wheat, and corn.
27.2. Diagnosis and Treatment
If you suspect your dog has a food allergy, consult your veterinarian. They can perform allergy testing to identify the specific allergens and recommend an appropriate diet.
28. The Role of Fiber in Dog Food
Fiber is an important component of dog food, supporting digestive health and helping to regulate blood sugar levels.
28.1. Sources of Fiber
Good sources of fiber in dog food include beet pulp, flaxseed, and vegetables.
28.2. Benefits of Fiber
Fiber can help prevent constipation, promote healthy gut bacteria, and manage weight.
29. Exploring Limited Ingredient Diets
Limited ingredient diets contain a small number of ingredients, making them a good choice for dogs with allergies or sensitivities.
29.1. Benefits of Limited Ingredient Diets
Limited ingredient diets can help reduce the risk of allergic reactions and make it easier to identify the source of a food allergy.
29.2. Choosing a Limited Ingredient Diet
Choose a limited ingredient diet that contains high-quality ingredients and meets your dog’s nutritional needs.
30. The Importance of Hydration
Hydration is essential for your dog’s health, supporting kidney function, digestion, and overall well-being.
30.1. Provide Fresh Water
Always provide your dog with fresh, clean water.
30.2. Wet Food
Wet food can help increase your dog’s water intake, especially if they don’t drink enough water on their own.
31. Understanding Dog Food Digestibility
Dog food digestibility refers to how well your dog can break down and absorb the nutrients in the food.
31.1. Factors Affecting Digestibility
Factors that can affect digestibility include the quality of the ingredients, the processing method, and your dog’s individual digestive health.
31.2. Choosing a Digestible Food
Choose a dog food that is made with high-quality, easily digestible ingredients.
32. Addressing Picky Eating Habits
Picky eating habits can be frustrating for pet owners. Understanding the reasons behind picky eating and implementing strategies to encourage your dog to eat can help ensure they receive the nutrition they need.
32.1. Rule Out Medical Issues
First, rule out any underlying medical issues that may be causing your dog to lose their appetite.
32.2. Offer Variety
Offer a variety of foods to see what your dog prefers.
32.3. Avoid Table Scraps
Avoid feeding your dog table scraps, as this can encourage picky eating habits.
33. The Impact of Breed on Dietary Needs
Different dog breeds have different dietary needs. Large breeds, for example, may require a diet that is formulated to support joint health and prevent rapid growth.
33.1. Research Your Breed
Research the specific dietary needs of your dog’s breed and choose a food that is formulated to meet those needs.
33.2. Consult Your Veterinarian
Consult your veterinarian for recommendations on the best food for your dog’s breed.
34. Understanding Body Condition Score
Body condition score is a method of assessing your dog’s weight and body fat. Maintaining a healthy body condition is essential for overall health.
34.1. Assess Your Dog’s Body Condition
Learn how to assess your dog’s body condition and adjust their food intake accordingly.
34.2. Consult Your Veterinarian
Consult your veterinarian for guidance on maintaining a healthy body condition for your dog.
35. Exploring Vegetarian and Vegan Dog Food
Vegetarian and vegan dog food options are available for pet owners who prefer to feed their dogs a plant-based diet.
35.1. Ensure Nutritional Adequacy
Ensure that vegetarian and vegan dog foods are nutritionally adequate and meet AAFCO standards.
35.2. Consult Your Veterinarian
Consult your veterinarian before switching to a vegetarian or vegan diet for your dog.
36. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics
Prebiotics and probiotics are beneficial for gut health, supporting healthy digestion and immune function.
36.1. Sources of Prebiotics and Probiotics
Good sources of prebiotics and probiotics in dog food include chicory root, beet pulp, and fermented ingredients.
36.2. Benefits of Prebiotics and Probiotics
Prebiotics and probiotics can help prevent digestive issues, improve nutrient absorption, and support a healthy immune system.
37. Understanding Senior Dog Food
Senior dog food is formulated to meet the specific nutritional needs of older dogs, who may have different energy requirements and health concerns.
37.1. Lower Calorie Content
Senior dog food typically has a lower calorie content to help prevent weight gain.
37.2. Added Nutrients
Senior dog food may contain added nutrients, such as glucosamine and chondroitin, to support joint health.
38. The Importance of Regular Veterinary Checkups
Regular veterinary checkups are essential for monitoring your dog’s health and identifying any potential dietary needs or concerns.
38.1. Discuss Your Dog’s Diet
Discuss your dog’s diet with your veterinarian at each checkup and ask for recommendations on how to improve their nutrition.
38.2. Address Health Concerns
Address any health concerns or dietary needs with your veterinarian to ensure your dog receives the best possible care.
39. Traveling With Dog Food
Traveling with dog food requires special consideration to ensure it stays fresh and safe.
39.1. Pack Appropriately
Pack dog food in airtight containers to prevent spoilage and protect it from moisture.
39.2. Avoid Extreme Temperatures
Avoid exposing dog food to extreme temperatures during travel, as this can accelerate degradation.
40. Staying Updated on Pet Food Research
The field of pet nutrition is constantly evolving. Staying updated on the latest research can help you make informed decisions about what to feed your dog.
40.1. Follow Reputable Sources
Follow reputable sources of pet nutrition information, such as veterinary journals and university websites.
40.2. Consult Your Veterinarian
Consult your veterinarian for the latest recommendations on dog food and nutrition.
Understanding whether dog food expires and how to properly store it is paramount to ensuring your dog’s health and well-being. By following these guidelines, you can protect your furry friend from nutritional deficiencies, digestive issues, and toxin exposure. For more in-depth information, including detailed guides on choosing the best dog food, homemade recipes, and expert advice, visit FOODS.EDU.VN today. Our comprehensive resources will empower you to make the best choices for your dog’s dietary needs.
Are you looking for more reliable and detailed information on dog nutrition? Visit FOODS.EDU.VN to discover a treasure trove of articles, recipes, and expert advice tailored to your pet’s specific needs. Our comprehensive resources are designed to empower you with the knowledge to make the best choices for your furry friend’s health. Contact us at 1946 Campus Dr, Hyde Park, NY 12538, United States or reach out via WhatsApp at +1 845-452-9600. Start exploring today and give your dog the gift of optimal nutrition.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: How long does dry dog food last after the “best by” date?
Dry dog food may still be safe to eat shortly after the “best by” date, but its nutritional value will have diminished. It’s best to use it within a few weeks of the date, provided it’s stored properly.
Q2: Can expired dog food make my dog sick?
Yes, expired dog food can make your dog sick due to bacterial growth, mold, and rancid fats. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite.
Q3: How can I tell if my dog food has gone bad?
Look for signs of mold, discoloration, or insect infestation. Trust your nose – expired dog food often has a rancid or stale odor.
Q4: Is it safe to feed my dog food that is slightly past the “best by” date?
While it may be safe in the short term, the nutritional value will be reduced. It’s best to use fresh food whenever possible.
Q5: What is the best way to store dry dog food?
Store dry dog food in an airtight container in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat.
Q6: How long does wet dog food last after opening?
Refrigerate opened wet dog food immediately and use it within 2-3 days.
Q7: Can I freeze dog food to extend its shelf life?
Yes, freezing dog food can help extend its shelf life. Divide the food into smaller portions and store them in freezer-safe bags or containers.
Q8: What are the signs of a dog food allergy?
Signs of a dog food allergy include skin problems, digestive issues, and ear infections.
Q9: How often should I wash my dog’s food bowl?
Wash your dog’s food and water bowls daily with hot, soapy water.
Q10: Where can I find more information about dog food and nutrition?
Visit foods.edu.vn for detailed guides, recipes, and expert advice on dog food and nutrition.
By following these guidelines and staying informed, you can ensure that your furry friend receives the best possible nutrition and stays healthy and happy.
