Does Junk Food Cause Pimples? What You Need Know

Does Junk Food Cause Pimples? FOODS.EDU.VN clarifies how diet affects skin health, offering science-backed insights and holistic solutions. Discover dietary changes, healthy eating, and food choices that promote clear skin and overall well-being.

1. The Link Between Junk Food and Acne

The burning question of whether junk food directly leads to pimples has been a topic of much discussion. While the simple answer isn’t a definitive “yes” or “no,” understanding the complexities can empower you to make informed choices. Recent research suggests a correlation between the consumption of junk food and acne development. Junk food, typically high in refined carbohydrates, unhealthy fats, and processed sugars, can cause hormonal imbalances and inflammation. These factors are known contributors to acne.

1.1 What Constitutes Junk Food?

Let’s define what we mean by “junk food.” Generally, it includes:

Fast Food: Burgers, fries, pizzas, and other quick-service items.
Processed Snacks: Chips, candy bars, and packaged sweets.
Sugary Drinks: Sodas, sweetened juices, and energy drinks.
Refined Grains: White bread, pastries, and processed cereals.
Fried Foods: Deep-fried snacks, appetizers, and main courses.

These foods often share a common trait: they are high in calories but low in essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They tend to have high levels of saturated and trans fats, refined sugars, and sodium.

1.2 The Science Behind the Connection

Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between diet and acne. Here’s what the science suggests:

Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL): Junk foods are frequently high on the glycemic index, meaning they cause a rapid spike in blood sugar levels. These foods often share a common trait: they are high in calories but low in essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. This leads to increased insulin production, which can stimulate the production of androgens. Androgens boost sebum (oil) production in the skin, increasing the likelihood of clogged pores and acne breakouts.
Inflammation: Unhealthy fats, like those found in many junk foods, can promote inflammation throughout the body. Chronic inflammation is a known contributor to various skin conditions, including acne. Inflammatory molecules can disrupt the normal function of skin cells, leading to redness, swelling, and pimples.
Insulin Resistance: Consistent consumption of high-sugar, high-fat foods can lead to insulin resistance. When cells become less responsive to insulin, blood sugar levels remain elevated, prompting the body to produce even more insulin. This creates a cycle that exacerbates both acne and other health issues.
Gut Health: Emerging research highlights the gut-skin axis, emphasizing the connection between gut health and skin health. Junk food can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the gut, leading to inflammation and potentially triggering skin problems. A diet rich in processed foods may reduce the diversity of beneficial gut bacteria, which can affect the skin’s ability to fight off infections and inflammation.

1.3 Studies and Statistics

Several studies highlight the correlation between junk food consumption and acne:

A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that individuals with diets high in processed foods and sugary beverages were more likely to have acne.
Research in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics indicated that high glycemic load diets could worsen acne symptoms.
A study in the Archives of Dermatology linked frequent consumption of milk and dairy products with an increased risk of acne, possibly due to hormonal factors and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) content.

Statistics show that adolescents and young adults, who often consume a significant amount of junk food, are also the age groups most affected by acne.

2. The Role of Refined Carbohydrates

Refined carbohydrates, commonly found in junk food, have a significant impact on acne development. These carbs cause blood sugar spikes, which affect hormone levels and skin health.

2.1 Understanding Refined Carbohydrates

Refined carbohydrates are processed grains and sugars that have been stripped of their natural fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Common sources include:

White Bread: Made from refined wheat flour.
Pastries: Cakes, cookies, and other sweet treats.
White Rice: A staple in many diets.
Sugary Cereals: Breakfast cereals loaded with added sugars.
Sodas and Sweetened Beverages: Drinks high in fructose corn syrup and other sweeteners.

2.2 How Refined Carbs Impact Blood Sugar and Insulin

When you consume refined carbohydrates, they are quickly broken down into glucose and absorbed into the bloodstream. This rapid influx of glucose causes a spike in blood sugar levels. In response, the pancreas releases insulin, a hormone that helps transport glucose from the blood into cells for energy.

Rapid Blood Sugar Spike: Refined carbs are digested quickly, causing a sudden surge in blood sugar.
Insulin Response: The body releases insulin to manage the glucose surge.
Hormonal Imbalance: High insulin levels can lead to hormonal imbalances, affecting skin health.

2.3 The Insulin-Acne Connection

High insulin levels have several effects that can promote acne development:

Increased Androgen Production: Insulin can stimulate the production of androgen hormones, such as testosterone. Androgens increase sebum production, which can clog pores and lead to acne.
Enhanced IGF-1 Activity: Insulin also increases the activity of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 promotes cell growth and sebum production, both of which contribute to acne.
Inflammation: High insulin levels can promote inflammation, exacerbating acne symptoms.

2.4 Low Glycemic Diets and Acne Reduction

In contrast to diets high in refined carbohydrates, low glycemic diets are associated with reduced acne severity. Low glycemic foods are digested more slowly, leading to a gradual and stable rise in blood sugar levels. Examples include:

Whole Grains: Brown rice, quinoa, and oats.
Non-Starchy Vegetables: Broccoli, spinach, and bell peppers.
Legumes: Beans, lentils, and chickpeas.
Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, walnuts, and flaxseeds.
Fruits: Berries, apples, and pears.

By choosing low glycemic foods, you can help stabilize blood sugar levels, reduce insulin spikes, and potentially improve acne.

2.5 Expert Opinions and Nutritional Advice

Nutritional experts often recommend limiting refined carbohydrates to improve skin health. Here are some tips:

Read Food Labels: Pay attention to the sugar content and glycemic index of foods.
Choose Whole Foods: Opt for whole, unprocessed foods over refined products.
Balance Meals: Combine carbohydrates with protein and healthy fats to slow down glucose absorption.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to help regulate blood sugar levels.

Following these guidelines can help you reduce the impact of refined carbohydrates on your skin.

3. Dairy and Acne: Exploring the Relationship

Dairy consumption has been linked to acne in several studies. While not everyone is affected, understanding this relationship can help manage skin health.

3.1 The Dairy Debate

The relationship between dairy and acne has been a subject of ongoing debate. Some studies suggest a clear link, while others find no significant correlation. However, many dermatologists and nutritionists believe that dairy can contribute to acne in certain individuals.

3.2 How Dairy May Trigger Acne

Several factors explain why dairy might trigger acne:

Hormones: Dairy milk contains hormones, including androgens and IGF-1, which can increase sebum production and promote inflammation.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1): Dairy products, especially milk, can raise IGF-1 levels in the body. IGF-1 is known to stimulate sebum production and accelerate skin cell turnover, contributing to clogged pores and acne breakouts.
Whey Protein: Whey protein, a common ingredient in protein supplements and some dairy products, has been linked to increased acne risk. Whey protein can stimulate insulin release and raise IGF-1 levels, exacerbating acne symptoms.
Lactose Intolerance: Some individuals are lactose intolerant, meaning they have difficulty digesting lactose, the sugar found in dairy. Lactose intolerance can cause inflammation in the gut, which may manifest as skin problems.

3.3 Scientific Studies on Dairy and Acne

Numerous studies have explored the connection between dairy consumption and acne:

A study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology found that adolescents who consumed more milk were more likely to have acne.
Research in the International Journal of Dermatology indicated that both skim and whole milk consumption could increase the risk of acne.
A meta-analysis of multiple studies concluded that dairy consumption, particularly milk, was positively associated with acne.

However, it’s important to note that not all studies show a definitive link, and individual responses to dairy can vary.

3.4 Identifying Dairy Sensitivity

If you suspect that dairy is contributing to your acne, there are several ways to identify a sensitivity:

Elimination Diet: Remove dairy from your diet for a few weeks and monitor your skin for improvements.
Food Diary: Keep a detailed food diary to track your dairy consumption and any corresponding acne breakouts.
Allergy Testing: Consult with an allergist or dermatologist to undergo allergy testing for dairy products.

3.5 Dairy Alternatives

For those who suspect a dairy sensitivity or wish to reduce their dairy intake, there are many alternatives:

Almond Milk: A low-calorie, dairy-free option.
Soy Milk: A good source of protein and calcium.
Oat Milk: A creamy, naturally sweet alternative.
Coconut Milk: A rich, flavorful option.
Rice Milk: A mild, easily digestible choice.

When choosing dairy alternatives, opt for unsweetened versions to avoid added sugars.

4. Fats and Acne: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

The type of fats you consume can impact your skin health. Understanding the different types of fats and their effects is crucial for managing acne.

4.1 Types of Fats

Fats can be categorized into several types:

Saturated Fats: Found in animal products and some plant oils like coconut oil and palm oil.
Unsaturated Fats: Include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, found in olive oil, avocados, nuts, and seeds.
Trans Fats: Found in processed foods and fried items.

4.2 The Impact of Different Fats on Acne

Saturated Fats: High consumption of saturated fats can promote inflammation, potentially worsening acne. Saturated fats can increase levels of inflammatory markers in the body, such as C-reactive protein (CRP).
Unsaturated Fats: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, have anti-inflammatory properties. Omega-3s can help reduce inflammation and improve skin health.
Trans Fats: Trans fats are strongly associated with inflammation and should be avoided. Trans fats can disrupt the normal function of cell membranes and promote the release of inflammatory molecules.

4.3 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Acne

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that play a crucial role in skin health. They have anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce acne symptoms. Good sources of omega-3s include:

Fatty Fish: Salmon, mackerel, and sardines.
Flaxseeds: Can be added to smoothies or yogurt.
Chia Seeds: A versatile source of omega-3s.
Walnuts: A healthy snack option.
Omega-3 Supplements: Fish oil or algae-based supplements.

4.4 Healthy Fat Sources

Incorporating healthy fats into your diet can promote clear skin. Here are some options:

Avocados: Rich in monounsaturated fats and antioxidants.
Olive Oil: Use in cooking and salad dressings.
Nuts and Seeds: Snack on almonds, walnuts, and chia seeds.
Fatty Fish: Consume salmon or mackerel a few times a week.

4.5 Avoiding Unhealthy Fats

Limiting unhealthy fats is just as important as including healthy fats. Avoid:

Fried Foods: High in trans fats and saturated fats.
Processed Snacks: Often contain unhealthy fats and added sugars.
Fast Food: Typically high in saturated and trans fats.

Reading food labels can help you identify and avoid unhealthy fats.

5. The Gut-Skin Connection

The health of your gut can significantly impact your skin. Understanding the gut-skin connection is vital for managing acne and achieving clear skin.

5.1 Understanding the Gut-Skin Axis

The gut-skin axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the skin. The gut microbiome is the community of microorganisms that live in your digestive tract. These microorganisms play a crucial role in digestion, immunity, and overall health.

5.2 How Gut Health Impacts Skin Health

Inflammation: An imbalanced gut microbiome can lead to inflammation, which can manifest as skin problems like acne.
Nutrient Absorption: A healthy gut is essential for proper nutrient absorption. Poor gut health can impair the absorption of vitamins and minerals necessary for skin health.
Immune Function: The gut plays a significant role in immune function. An imbalanced gut can lead to immune dysregulation, potentially triggering skin conditions.
Toxin Elimination: The gut helps eliminate toxins from the body. Poor gut health can impair toxin elimination, leading to toxin buildup and skin problems.

5.3 Probiotics and Acne

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help improve gut health. Probiotics can reduce inflammation, improve nutrient absorption, and support immune function, potentially improving acne.

Sources of Probiotics:
- Fermented Foods: Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi.
- Probiotic Supplements: Available in capsule or powder form.

5.4 Prebiotics and Acne

Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed beneficial bacteria in the gut. They help promote the growth and activity of probiotics.

Sources of Prebiotics:
- Garlic: A versatile and flavorful prebiotic source.
- Onions: Add flavor and prebiotics to meals.
- Asparagus: A nutritious vegetable with prebiotic benefits.
- Bananas: A convenient and portable prebiotic source.
- Oats: A healthy grain rich in prebiotics.

5.5 Dietary Changes for Gut Health

Making dietary changes can significantly improve gut health and, consequently, skin health:

Increase Fiber Intake: Fiber promotes healthy digestion and feeds beneficial bacteria.
Limit Processed Foods: Processed foods can disrupt the gut microbiome.
Avoid Sugar: Sugar can feed harmful bacteria and promote inflammation.
Stay Hydrated: Water is essential for healthy digestion.
Incorporate Fermented Foods: Add yogurt, kefir, and other fermented foods to your diet.

6. The Importance of Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins and minerals are essential for maintaining healthy skin. Deficiencies in certain nutrients can contribute to acne.

6.1 Key Vitamins for Clear Skin

Vitamin A: Supports skin cell turnover and reduces inflammation.
- Sources: Sweet potatoes, carrots, and leafy greens.
Vitamin D: Has anti-inflammatory properties and supports immune function.
- Sources: Fatty fish, fortified foods, and sunlight.
Vitamin E: An antioxidant that protects skin cells from damage.
- Sources: Nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.
Vitamin C: Essential for collagen production and has antioxidant properties.
- Sources: Citrus fruits, berries, and bell peppers.

6.2 Key Minerals for Clear Skin

Zinc: Has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
- Sources: Oysters, beef, and pumpkin seeds.
Selenium: An antioxidant that protects skin cells from damage.
- Sources: Brazil nuts, tuna, and eggs.

6.3 Deficiencies and Acne

Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals can contribute to acne. For example, low levels of vitamin D have been linked to increased acne severity. Similarly, zinc deficiency can impair skin healing and promote inflammation.

6.4 How to Ensure Adequate Intake

Balanced Diet: Eat a varied diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Supplements: Consider taking a multivitamin or individual supplements if you suspect a deficiency.
Consult a Healthcare Professional: Talk to a doctor or nutritionist to assess your nutrient levels and determine if supplements are necessary.

6.5 Top Foods for Skin Health

Fatty Fish: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D.
Leafy Greens: High in vitamins A and C.
Berries: Packed with antioxidants.
Nuts and Seeds: Good sources of vitamin E and selenium.
Sweet Potatoes: High in vitamin A.

7. Hydration and Its Effects on Skin

Staying hydrated is crucial for maintaining healthy skin. Dehydration can exacerbate acne and other skin problems.

7.1 The Importance of Hydration

Water is essential for nearly every bodily function, including skin health. Hydration helps:

Maintain Skin Elasticity: Water keeps skin plump and elastic.
Flush Out Toxins: Hydration helps the body eliminate toxins.
Reduce Inflammation: Adequate hydration can help reduce inflammation.
Promote Cell Turnover: Water is essential for healthy cell turnover.

7.2 How Dehydration Impacts Acne

When you’re dehydrated, your skin can become dry and irritated. This can lead to:

Increased Oil Production: Dry skin triggers the sebaceous glands to produce more oil, which can clog pores.
Inflammation: Dehydration can promote inflammation, worsening acne symptoms.
Impaired Healing: Water is necessary for wound healing. Dehydration can slow down the healing of acne lesions.

7.3 Signs of Dehydration

Dry Mouth: A common sign of dehydration.
Dark Urine: Indicates concentrated waste products.
Headaches: Dehydration can cause headaches.
Dizziness: A sign of reduced blood volume.
Dry Skin: Skin that lacks moisture.

7.4 Tips for Staying Hydrated

Drink Water Regularly: Aim for at least eight glasses of water a day.
Carry a Water Bottle: Keep water with you throughout the day.
Eat Hydrating Foods: Include fruits and vegetables with high water content in your diet.
Avoid Sugary Drinks: Sugary drinks can dehydrate you.

7.5 Hydrating Foods

Watermelon: High in water content and antioxidants.
Cucumbers: A refreshing and hydrating vegetable.
Strawberries: Packed with water and vitamins.
Spinach: A leafy green with high water content.
Celery: A crunchy and hydrating snack.

8. Stress and Acne: A Vicious Cycle

Stress can significantly impact skin health, contributing to acne breakouts. Understanding the stress-acne connection is essential for managing both.

8.1 The Stress-Acne Connection

Stress can trigger a cascade of hormonal and physiological changes that affect the skin. When you’re stressed, your body releases cortisol, a stress hormone that can increase sebum production and inflammation.

8.2 How Stress Triggers Acne

Increased Cortisol Levels: Cortisol can stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce more oil, leading to clogged pores.
Inflammation: Stress promotes inflammation, which can worsen acne symptoms.
Impaired Immune Function: Stress can weaken the immune system, making the skin more susceptible to infections.
Poor Lifestyle Choices: Stress can lead to poor dietary choices and neglect of skincare routines.

8.3 Managing Stress for Clear Skin

Mindfulness: Practice mindfulness and meditation to reduce stress.
Exercise: Regular exercise can help lower stress levels.
Sleep: Aim for 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night.
Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Relaxation Techniques: Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing and yoga.

8.4 Stress-Reducing Activities

Yoga: Combines physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation.
Meditation: Helps calm the mind and reduce stress.
Deep Breathing: A simple yet effective relaxation technique.
Nature Walks: Spending time in nature can lower stress levels.
Hobbies: Engaging in hobbies you enjoy can reduce stress.

8.5 Seeking Professional Help

If you’re struggling to manage stress on your own, consider seeking professional help. A therapist or counselor can provide guidance and support.

9. Holistic Approaches to Acne Management

Managing acne effectively often requires a holistic approach that addresses multiple factors, including diet, lifestyle, and skincare.

9.1 A Comprehensive Approach

A holistic approach to acne management considers the whole person, not just the symptoms. This includes:

Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Lifestyle: Managing stress, getting enough sleep, and staying hydrated.
Skincare: Using gentle, non-comedogenic skincare products.
Supplements: Considering supplements to address nutrient deficiencies.
Medical Treatments: Working with a dermatologist to explore medical treatments.

9.2 Natural Remedies for Acne

Tea Tree Oil: Has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Aloe Vera: Soothes and hydrates the skin.
Honey: Has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Green Tea: Rich in antioxidants and can reduce inflammation.

9.3 Skincare Tips for Acne-Prone Skin

Cleanse Gently: Use a gentle cleanser to avoid irritating the skin.
Exfoliate Regularly: Exfoliate to remove dead skin cells and prevent clogged pores.
Moisturize: Use a non-comedogenic moisturizer to keep skin hydrated.
Use Sunscreen: Protect your skin from sun damage with a non-comedogenic sunscreen.
Avoid Picking: Picking at acne can worsen inflammation and lead to scarring.

9.4 Lifestyle Adjustments for Clear Skin

Manage Stress: Practice stress-reducing activities.
Get Enough Sleep: Aim for 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water.
Exercise Regularly: Exercise can improve overall health and reduce stress.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking can worsen acne.

9.5 Consulting a Dermatologist

If your acne is severe or persistent, consult a dermatologist. A dermatologist can provide a diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatments.

:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1221502344-f4c7f23f693546e9be166c3a9e8e3412.jpg)

10. Debunking Common Acne Myths

There are many myths surrounding acne. Understanding the facts can help you manage your skin effectively.

10.1 Common Misconceptions

Myth: Acne is Caused by Poor Hygiene.
- Fact: Acne is caused by a combination of factors, including genetics, hormones, and inflammation.
Myth: Tanning Clears Up Acne.
- Fact: Tanning can damage the skin and worsen acne.
Myth: Popping Pimples Makes Them Go Away Faster.
- Fact: Popping pimples can lead to inflammation and scarring.
Myth: Only Teenagers Get Acne.
- Fact: Acne can affect people of all ages.
Myth: Acne is Contagious.
- Fact: Acne is not contagious.

10.2 The Truth About Acne

Genetics Play a Role: If your parents had acne, you’re more likely to develop it.
Hormones Influence Acne: Hormonal fluctuations can trigger acne breakouts.
Inflammation is a Key Factor: Inflammation contributes to acne development.
Diet Can Impact Acne: Certain foods can worsen acne symptoms.
Effective Treatments are Available: Many effective treatments can help manage acne.

10.3 Seeking Reliable Information

Consult a Dermatologist: Get advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
Research Reputable Sources: Look for information from trusted websites and organizations.
Be Wary of Unproven Claims: Be skeptical of products and treatments that promise miraculous results.

10.4 The Role of FOODS.EDU.VN in Providing Accurate Information

At FOODS.EDU.VN, we are committed to providing accurate, science-backed information about diet and skin health. Our articles are written by experts in nutrition and dermatology, and we strive to debunk common myths and provide reliable advice.

We understand the challenges of navigating the vast amount of information available online, which is why we focus on delivering clear, concise, and trustworthy content. Our goal is to empower you to make informed choices and take control of your skin health.

10.5 Call to Action

Ready to dive deeper into the world of nutrition and discover more ways to enhance your skin health? Visit FOODS.EDU.VN today to explore a wealth of articles, recipes, and expert advice. Whether you’re looking for detailed guides on nutrient-rich foods, tips for managing acne through diet, or innovative skincare strategies, our platform has everything you need to succeed.

Our team of culinary experts, nutritionists, and health professionals are here to support you on your journey to clear, radiant skin and overall wellness. Don’t miss out on the opportunity to transform your health and well-being with the power of informed nutrition. Visit FOODS.EDU.VN now and unlock a world of culinary and nutritional wisdom.

Discover expert insights, practical tips, and delicious recipes to nourish your body from the inside out. Let FOODS.EDU.VN be your trusted guide on your path to clear, healthy skin.

For more personalized advice and support, feel free to reach out to us:

Address: 1946 Campus Dr, Hyde Park, NY 12538, United States

WhatsApp: +1 845-452-9600

Website: foods.edu.vn

Unlock a world of culinary and nutritional wisdom and transform your health and well-being today.

FAQ: Junk Food and Pimples

Q1: Can eating junk food directly cause pimples?

While junk food doesn’t directly cause pimples for everyone, it can contribute to factors that promote acne, such as inflammation and hormonal imbalances.

Q2: What types of junk food are most likely to cause acne?

Foods high in refined carbohydrates, sugars, and unhealthy fats, like fast food, processed snacks, and sugary drinks, are most likely to contribute to acne.

Q3: How do refined carbohydrates contribute to acne?

Refined carbohydrates cause a rapid spike in blood sugar levels, leading to increased insulin production. High insulin levels can promote inflammation and increase sebum production, contributing to acne.

Q4: Is there a link between dairy consumption and acne?

Yes, some studies suggest that dairy consumption can increase the risk of acne due to hormones and IGF-1 content in dairy products.

Q5: What types of fats are good for skin health?

Unsaturated fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, have anti-inflammatory properties that can improve skin health.

Q6: How does gut health affect acne?

An imbalanced gut microbiome can lead to inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption, which can manifest as skin problems like acne.

Q7: What vitamins and minerals are important for clear skin?

Vitamins A, D, E, C, zinc, and selenium are important for maintaining healthy skin and can help reduce acne symptoms.

Q8: How does hydration affect acne?

Dehydration can lead to dry skin, increased oil production, and inflammation, which can worsen acne symptoms.

Q9: Can stress cause acne breakouts?

Yes, stress can increase cortisol levels, leading to inflammation and increased sebum production, which can trigger acne breakouts.

Q10: What are some holistic approaches to managing acne?

Holistic approaches include a balanced diet, stress management, adequate sleep, gentle skincare, and addressing any nutrient deficiencies through supplements.