Can Chickens Eat Duck Food? Yes, chickens can technically eat duck food, but it’s not ideal due to the nutritional differences between the two species; FOODS.EDU.VN explains why it is better to provide chickens with feed specifically formulated for their needs to avoid potential health issues. Discover the ideal nutrition for your flock with our expert guidance.
1. Understanding the Nutritional Needs of Chickens and Ducks
To comprehend whether chickens can consume duck feed, it is crucial to understand their diverse dietary needs. While both species are poultry, their nutritional requirements vary, especially in protein and niacin levels.
1.1. Chicken Nutritional Requirements
Chickens require a balanced diet of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals to support their growth, egg production, and overall health. According to research from the University of Georgia Extension, adult chickens typically need feed containing 16-18% protein, with higher protein levels for chicks and laying hens. This protein is crucial for muscle development, feather growth, and egg laying. Essential amino acids like methionine and lysine are particularly important.
Furthermore, chickens require calcium for strong eggshells and phosphorus for bone health. A study by the Poultry Science Association highlights the importance of calcium supplementation in laying hens to prevent calcium deficiency and improve eggshell quality.
1.2. Duck Nutritional Requirements
Ducks, on the other hand, have unique nutritional needs. They require a diet rich in niacin (Vitamin B3) to support their bone health and prevent leg deformities. PennState Extension emphasizes that ducklings especially need higher niacin levels than chicks. Duck feed typically contains around 55 mg/kg of niacin, while chicken feed may not have sufficient amounts.
Moreover, ducks need a balanced intake of protein, carbohydrates, and fats. While protein is crucial for growth, excessive protein can lead to health problems like angel wing, a condition that prevents ducks from flying. The University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension recommends a protein content of 16% for ducklings and 14% for adult ducks.
1.3. Key Nutritional Differences Summarized
| Nutrient | Chickens (Typical Percentage) | Ducks (Typical Percentage) | Importance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | 16-18% | 14-16% | Muscle development, feather growth, egg production; Excess can cause angel wing in ducks. |
| Niacin | Lower | Higher | Bone health, leg development; Deficiency can lead to leg deformities in ducks. |
| Calcium | Higher (for laying hens) | Moderate | Eggshell formation, bone health; Essential for laying hens to prevent deficiencies. |
| Phosphorus | Moderate | Moderate | Bone health, metabolic processes; Important for both chickens and ducks. |
| Carbohydrates | Higher | Moderate | Energy source; Provides fuel for daily activities and growth. |
| Fats | Moderate | Moderate | Energy storage, hormone production; Essential for overall health and well-being. |
Understanding these nutritional differences is essential when considering whether chickens can eat duck food. For more in-depth knowledge on poultry nutrition, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
2. Potential Risks of Feeding Chickens Duck Food
While chickens can technically eat duck food, there are several potential risks associated with this practice. Understanding these risks is essential for maintaining the health and well-being of your flock.
2.1. Imbalanced Protein Intake
Duck food often contains a different protein percentage than chicken food. While both chickens and ducks need protein, the ideal amount differs. Feeding chickens duck food can lead to an imbalanced protein intake, which can cause health issues.
- Excessive Protein: Too much protein can cause rapid growth in young chickens, leading to leg problems and other developmental issues. A study by the Journal of Applied Poultry Research indicates that excessive protein can strain the kidneys and liver in chickens.
- Insufficient Protein: Conversely, if the duck food has a lower protein content than what chickens need, it can lead to stunted growth and poor feather development. Protein deficiency can also reduce egg production in laying hens, according to research from the University of California, Davis.
2.2. Niacin Overdose
Duck food is formulated with higher levels of niacin to meet the specific needs of ducks. While niacin is essential for both chickens and ducks, chickens require significantly less than ducks.
- Niacin Toxicity: Overconsumption of niacin can lead to niacin toxicity, although it is rare. Symptoms may include skin flushing, gastrointestinal upset, and liver damage. A report by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) notes that while niacin toxicity is uncommon from dietary sources, high doses from supplements can be harmful.
- Impaired Nutrient Absorption: Excessive niacin can also interfere with the absorption of other essential nutrients, leading to imbalances in the chicken’s diet. This can result in various health problems over time.
2.3. Digestive Issues
Chickens and ducks have different digestive systems and feeding habits. Ducks typically consume food with water, which aids in digestion. Chickens, on the other hand, eat dry feed.
- Choking Hazard: Duck food, especially in pellet form, can pose a choking hazard for chickens if they don’t have enough water to help them swallow.
- Digestive Upset: The texture and composition of duck food might not be suitable for chickens, leading to digestive upset, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal issues. The University of Minnesota Extension notes that providing appropriate feed texture is crucial for optimal poultry digestion.
2.4. Mineral Imbalances
Duck and chicken feed are formulated with different mineral ratios to meet their specific needs. Feeding chickens duck food can lead to mineral imbalances, which can negatively impact their health.
- Calcium Deficiency: Laying hens require high levels of calcium for eggshell formation. Duck food might not contain enough calcium for chickens, leading to weak eggshells and calcium deficiency.
- Phosphorus Imbalance: An imbalance in phosphorus levels can also affect bone health and overall metabolism in chickens. It’s important to maintain the correct calcium-to-phosphorus ratio for optimal health.
2.5. Potential Health Problems Summarized
| Risk | Description | Potential Health Issues |
|---|---|---|
| Imbalanced Protein | Duck food may have too much or too little protein for chickens. | Rapid growth, leg problems, stunted growth, poor feather development, reduced egg production. |
| Niacin Overdose | Duck food contains higher levels of niacin than chicken food. | Niacin toxicity, impaired nutrient absorption. |
| Digestive Issues | Chickens and ducks have different digestive systems and feeding habits. | Choking hazard, digestive upset, diarrhea. |
| Mineral Imbalances | Duck and chicken feed have different mineral ratios. | Calcium deficiency, weak eggshells, phosphorus imbalance, bone health problems. |
Understanding these potential risks underscores the importance of providing chickens with feed specifically formulated for their nutritional needs. For further insights into poultry health and nutrition, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
3. When It’s Okay for Chickens to Eat Duck Food
Despite the potential risks, there are limited situations where it might be acceptable for chickens to consume duck food. However, these instances should be approached with caution and careful consideration.
3.1. Emergency Situations
In emergency situations, such as a shortage of chicken feed, duck food can serve as a temporary substitute. This is preferable to not feeding the chickens at all.
- Short-Term Solution: Use duck food only as a short-term solution until chicken feed becomes available. Prolonged use can lead to nutritional imbalances.
- Supplementation: If using duck food, supplement the chickens’ diet with additional calcium and other essential nutrients to compensate for any deficiencies. Consider adding oyster shells for extra calcium, especially for laying hens.
3.2. Small Amounts as Treats
Small amounts of duck food can be given as treats, but they should not constitute a significant portion of the chickens’ diet. Treats should always be given in moderation.
- Occasional Treat: Limit the amount of duck food to a small handful per chicken, given only occasionally.
- Monitor Health: Closely monitor the chickens for any signs of digestive upset, changes in egg production, or other health issues. If problems arise, discontinue feeding duck food immediately.
3.3. Adult Chickens Only
If duck food is given, it should only be fed to adult chickens, not chicks. Chicks have specific nutritional requirements that must be met to ensure proper growth and development.
- Chicks’ Needs: Chicks require a higher protein content and a different balance of nutrients than adult chickens. Duck food is not formulated to meet these needs.
- Adult Chickens’ Resilience: Adult chickens are more resilient and can better tolerate minor nutritional imbalances. However, even adult chickens should not be fed duck food as a primary diet.
3.4. Considerations for Different Types of Duck Food
The type of duck food also matters. Some duck food formulations are more suitable for chickens than others.
- Layer Duck Food: If the duck food is formulated for laying ducks, it may contain higher levels of calcium, which can benefit laying hens. However, it may still lack other essential nutrients.
- Duck Starter Food: Duck starter food is generally not suitable for chickens, as it is formulated with high levels of niacin and other nutrients specific to ducklings.
- Organic Duck Food: Organic duck food may be a better option, as it typically contains fewer additives and artificial ingredients. However, it still needs to be supplemented to meet the specific needs of chickens.
3.5. Scenarios Where Duck Food Might Be Acceptable
| Scenario | Acceptable? | Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency Situation | Yes | Short-term use only, supplement with calcium and other essential nutrients. |
| Small Treats | Yes | Occasional, limited amounts, monitor health closely. |
| Adult Chickens Only | Yes | Never feed duck food to chicks, adult chickens are more resilient. |
| Layer Duck Food | Maybe | Contains higher calcium, but still lacks other essential nutrients for chickens. |
| Duck Starter Food | No | Formulated specifically for ducklings, not suitable for chickens. |
| Organic Duck Food | Maybe | Fewer additives, but still requires supplementation to meet chicken nutritional needs. |
In summary, while there are limited situations where chickens can eat duck food, it is generally not recommended as a primary diet. Always prioritize chicken-specific feed to ensure optimal health and egg production. For more detailed advice on poultry nutrition, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
4. Alternatives to Feeding Chickens Duck Food
Given the potential risks of feeding chickens duck food, it is essential to explore alternative solutions to ensure they receive a balanced and appropriate diet.
4.1. Chicken-Specific Feed
The most straightforward and recommended alternative is to provide chickens with feed specifically formulated for their needs. Chicken feed is designed to provide the optimal balance of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals required for their growth, health, and egg production.
- Starter Feed: For chicks, use a starter feed with a high protein content (around 20-24%) to support rapid growth.
- Grower Feed: As chickens mature, switch to a grower feed with a lower protein content (around 16-18%) to support continued development.
- Layer Feed: For laying hens, use a layer feed with added calcium to support eggshell formation.
- Meat Bird Feed: For meat birds, use a feed formulated to promote rapid weight gain and muscle development.
4.2. Supplemental Nutrients
If chickens are not receiving all the nutrients they need from their primary feed, supplemental nutrients can help fill the gaps.
- Calcium Supplements: Oyster shells are an excellent source of calcium for laying hens. They can be provided free-choice, allowing the chickens to consume them as needed.
- Vitamin Supplements: Vitamin supplements can be added to the chickens’ water to boost their overall health and immune system.
- Protein Supplements: Protein supplements, such as dried mealworms or black soldier fly larvae, can be given as treats to increase protein intake.
4.3. Balanced Diet with Treats and Forage
A balanced diet should include a variety of foods in addition to commercial feed. Treats and forage can provide additional nutrients and enrichment for chickens.
- Vegetable Scraps: Chickens can safely consume many vegetable scraps, such as lettuce, kale, carrots, and cucumber.
- Fruits: Fruits like apples, berries, and melons can be given as occasional treats.
- Grains: Grains such as oats, wheat, and barley can be added to the diet in moderation.
- Forage: Allowing chickens to forage in a safe and controlled environment can provide them with a variety of natural foods, such as insects, worms, and plants.
4.4. Homemade Chicken Feed
For those who prefer to have more control over their chickens’ diet, homemade chicken feed is an option. However, it is essential to carefully formulate the feed to ensure it meets all of the chickens’ nutritional needs.
- Ingredients: A typical homemade chicken feed might include a combination of grains (such as corn, wheat, and oats), protein sources (such as soybean meal or fish meal), and vitamin and mineral supplements.
- Formulation: Consult with a poultry nutritionist or experienced chicken keeper to develop a balanced feed formulation.
- Monitoring: Regularly monitor the chickens’ health and egg production to ensure the homemade feed is meeting their needs.
4.5. Summary of Alternatives to Duck Food
| Alternative | Description | Benefits | Considerations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chicken-Specific Feed | Commercial feed formulated for chickens, available in starter, grower, layer, and meat bird formulations. | Provides optimal balance of nutrients for growth, health, and egg production. | Choose the appropriate feed formulation based on the chickens’ age and purpose. |
| Supplemental Nutrients | Supplements such as oyster shells, vitamin supplements, and protein supplements. | Fills nutritional gaps and boosts overall health. | Use in moderation, monitor chickens’ health closely. |
| Balanced Diet | Variety of foods including vegetable scraps, fruits, grains, and forage. | Provides additional nutrients and enrichment, promotes natural foraging behavior. | Ensure foods are safe for chickens, avoid toxic plants and foods high in salt or sugar. |
| Homemade Chicken Feed | Feed formulated at home using grains, protein sources, and vitamin and mineral supplements. | Allows for greater control over the chickens’ diet, can be tailored to specific needs. | Requires careful formulation to ensure nutritional balance, consult with a poultry nutritionist. |
By exploring these alternatives, chicken keepers can ensure their flock receives the nutrition they need to thrive. For more expert advice and detailed information on poultry nutrition, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
5. The Role of Water in Poultry Nutrition
Water is an essential nutrient for both chickens and ducks, playing a vital role in their overall health and well-being. Ensuring access to clean and fresh water is just as important as providing the right feed.
5.1. Importance of Water
Water makes up a significant portion of a chicken’s body weight (around 55-75%) and is involved in numerous physiological processes, including:
- Digestion: Water helps break down food and transport nutrients throughout the body.
- Temperature Regulation: Chickens use water to cool themselves through panting, especially in hot weather.
- Waste Elimination: Water helps flush out waste products from the body.
- Egg Production: Eggs are composed of about 70% water, so adequate hydration is crucial for egg production.
5.2. Differences in Water Consumption Between Chickens and Ducks
While both chickens and ducks need water, their consumption patterns and needs differ. Ducks tend to consume more water than chickens due to their feeding habits and lifestyle.
- Feeding Habits: Ducks often consume food with water, using their bills to filter food particles from the water. This means they need access to water while eating.
- Aquatic Lifestyle: Ducks spend a significant amount of time in the water, which helps them stay hydrated. They also use water for preening and cleaning their feathers.
5.3. Providing Water for Chickens and Ducks
When raising chickens and ducks together, it is essential to provide them with separate water sources that meet their specific needs.
- Chickens: Provide chickens with clean water in poultry waterers or bowls. Ensure the water is easily accessible and protected from contamination.
- Ducks: Provide ducks with a larger water source, such as a small pool or tub, where they can swim and submerge their heads. Ensure the water is deep enough for them to dip their heads but not so deep that chicks could drown.
5.4. Water Quality
The quality of water is just as important as the quantity. Ensure the water is clean, fresh, and free from contaminants.
- Regular Cleaning: Clean waterers and bowls regularly to prevent the growth of bacteria and algae.
- Water Filtration: Consider using a water filter to remove sediment, chlorine, and other contaminants.
- Water Testing: Periodically test the water for bacteria and other harmful substances.
5.5. Water and Poultry Health
| Aspect | Importance | Potential Problems if Neglected |
|---|---|---|
| Adequate Consumption | Ensures proper digestion, temperature regulation, waste elimination, and egg production. | Dehydration, digestive problems, heat stress, reduced egg production. |
| Cleanliness | Prevents the growth of bacteria and algae. | Spread of diseases, reduced water intake. |
| Water Filtration | Removes sediment, chlorine, and other contaminants. | Exposure to harmful substances, reduced water intake. |
| Water Testing | Identifies bacteria and other harmful substances. | Unidentified health risks, spread of diseases. |
Adequate water intake is crucial for maintaining poultry health and productivity. By understanding the specific water needs of chickens and ducks and providing them with clean, fresh water, you can ensure they thrive. For more expert tips on poultry care and nutrition, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
6. Expert Tips for Raising Chickens and Ducks Together
Raising chickens and ducks together can be a rewarding experience, but it requires careful planning and management to ensure the health and well-being of both species. Here are some expert tips to help you succeed.
6.1. Separate Feeding Areas
To prevent chickens from consuming duck food and vice versa, it is essential to provide separate feeding areas.
- Designated Feeders: Use different types of feeders that are suitable for each species. For example, use hanging feeders for chickens and ground-level feeders for ducks.
- Fenced Areas: Create fenced areas around the feeders to prevent cross-species access.
- Supervision: Supervise feeding times to ensure each species is consuming the appropriate feed.
6.2. Separate Water Sources
As mentioned earlier, chickens and ducks have different water needs. Provide separate water sources that meet their specific requirements.
- Chicken Waterers: Use poultry waterers or bowls for chickens, ensuring the water is easily accessible and protected from contamination.
- Duck Pools: Provide ducks with a larger water source, such as a small pool or tub, where they can swim and submerge their heads.
6.3. Adequate Space
Both chickens and ducks need adequate space to roam and forage. Overcrowding can lead to stress, disease, and behavioral problems.
- Space Requirements: Provide at least 4 square feet of space per chicken and 8 square feet of space per duck in the coop.
- Outdoor Space: Provide ample outdoor space for foraging and exercise.
6.4. Predator Protection
Chickens and ducks are vulnerable to predators such as foxes, coyotes, and hawks. Take steps to protect them from predators.
- Secure Coop: Build a secure coop with a solid roof, walls, and floor.
- Fencing: Enclose the outdoor area with a sturdy fence.
- Predator Control: Consider using predator control measures such as guard dogs or motion-activated lights.
6.5. Health Monitoring
Regularly monitor the health of both chickens and ducks to detect any signs of illness or disease.
- Daily Observation: Observe the birds daily for any changes in behavior, appetite, or appearance.
- Regular Checkups: Conduct regular health checkups, including examining their feathers, skin, and legs.
- Veterinary Care: Consult with a veterinarian experienced in poultry care if you suspect any health problems.
6.6. Coop Management
Proper coop management is essential for maintaining a healthy environment for both chickens and ducks.
- Regular Cleaning: Clean the coop regularly to remove manure and prevent the buildup of bacteria.
- Ventilation: Ensure the coop is well-ventilated to prevent the buildup of ammonia.
- Bedding: Use appropriate bedding material, such as straw or wood shavings, to absorb moisture and provide insulation.
6.7. Tips for Co-Raising Poultry
| Tip | Description | Benefits |
|---|---|---|
| Separate Feeding Areas | Provide designated feeders and fenced areas to prevent cross-species access. | Ensures each species consumes the appropriate feed, prevents nutritional imbalances. |
| Separate Water Sources | Provide separate waterers for chickens and pools for ducks. | Meets the specific water needs of each species, prevents water contamination. |
| Adequate Space | Provide at least 4 square feet per chicken and 8 square feet per duck in the coop, and ample outdoor space for foraging. | Reduces stress, disease, and behavioral problems. |
| Predator Protection | Build a secure coop, enclose the outdoor area with a sturdy fence, and consider using predator control measures. | Protects chickens and ducks from predators. |
| Health Monitoring | Observe the birds daily for any changes in behavior or appearance, conduct regular health checkups, and consult with a veterinarian if you suspect any health problems. | Detects health problems early, allows for prompt treatment. |
| Coop Management | Clean the coop regularly, ensure proper ventilation, and use appropriate bedding material. | Maintains a healthy environment, prevents the buildup of bacteria and ammonia. |
By following these expert tips, you can successfully raise chickens and ducks together and enjoy the many benefits of having a diverse poultry flock. For more in-depth advice on poultry care and management, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
7. Common Myths About Feeding Chickens and Ducks
There are several myths and misconceptions surrounding the feeding of chickens and ducks. Addressing these myths can help poultry keepers make informed decisions about their birds’ diets.
7.1. Myth: Chickens and Ducks Can Eat the Same Food
As we’ve discussed, this is not entirely true. While chickens can eat duck food in limited situations, it is not ideal due to the nutritional differences between the two species.
- Fact: Chickens and ducks have different nutritional needs, and their diets should be tailored accordingly.
7.2. Myth: Bread Is a Good Treat for Ducks
Feeding bread to ducks is a common practice, but it is not a healthy treat. Bread is low in nutrients and can lead to malnutrition and obesity.
- Fact: Bread provides little nutritional value and can cause health problems in ducks. Instead, offer them healthy treats such as vegetables, fruits, or grains.
7.3. Myth: Chickens Can Eat Anything
While chickens are known for their scavenging abilities, they cannot eat just anything. Some foods are toxic to chickens and should be avoided.
- Fact: Avoid feeding chickens foods such as avocado pits and skins, chocolate, onions, garlic, and raw beans.
7.4. Myth: Organic Feed Is Always Better
Organic feed can be a good option, but it is not necessarily superior to conventional feed. The nutritional content of the feed is more important than whether it is organic.
- Fact: Organic feed can be a good choice, but ensure it meets the nutritional needs of your chickens.
7.5. Myth: Supplementation Is Unnecessary
Even with a balanced diet, chickens may benefit from supplementation, especially during certain times of the year or during periods of stress.
- Fact: Supplementation can help fill nutritional gaps and boost overall health.
7.6. Debunking Poultry Feeding Myths
| Myth | Fact |
|---|---|
| Chickens and ducks can eat the same food | Chickens and ducks have different nutritional needs, and their diets should be tailored accordingly. |
| Bread is a good treat for ducks | Bread provides little nutritional value and can cause health problems in ducks. Instead, offer them healthy treats such as vegetables, fruits, or grains. |
| Chickens can eat anything | Avoid feeding chickens foods such as avocado pits and skins, chocolate, onions, garlic, and raw beans. |
| Organic feed is always better | Organic feed can be a good choice, but ensure it meets the nutritional needs of your chickens. |
| Supplementation is unnecessary | Supplementation can help fill nutritional gaps and boost overall health, especially during certain times of the year or during periods of stress. |
By understanding and debunking these common myths, poultry keepers can provide their chickens and ducks with the best possible care. For more expert advice on poultry nutrition and management, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Chickens and Duck Food
Here are some frequently asked questions about whether chickens can eat duck food, along with detailed answers to help you make informed decisions for your flock.
8.1. Can Chickens Eat Duck Food?
While chickens can technically eat duck food, it’s not recommended as a primary diet due to differences in nutritional needs, particularly regarding protein and niacin levels.
8.2. What Happens If Chickens Eat Duck Food Regularly?
Regular consumption of duck food can lead to nutritional imbalances in chickens, potentially causing health issues such as leg problems, niacin overdose, and digestive upset.
8.3. Is Duck Food Harmful to Chickens?
Duck food is not inherently harmful, but it can cause health problems if fed to chickens in excess or as a primary diet due to its different nutritional composition.
8.4. What Should I Do If My Chickens Accidentally Eat Duck Food?
If your chickens accidentally eat duck food, monitor them for any signs of digestive upset or other health issues. In small amounts, it’s generally not a cause for concern.
8.5. Can Ducklings Eat Chicken Food?
No, ducklings should not eat chicken food because it lacks the high levels of niacin they need for healthy bone development.
8.6. What Is Niacin and Why Is It Important for Ducks?
Niacin (Vitamin B3) is essential for bone health and leg development in ducks. Deficiency can lead to leg deformities and other health problems.
8.7. How Can I Provide Chickens and Ducks with a Balanced Diet If They Live Together?
Provide separate feeding areas and water sources to ensure each species receives the appropriate nutrition. Use different types of feeders that are suitable for each species.
8.8. Are There Any Benefits to Feeding Chickens Duck Food?
There are very few benefits to feeding chickens duck food. In emergency situations, it can serve as a temporary substitute, but it should not be a long-term solution.
8.9. Can I Mix Chicken and Duck Food?
Mixing chicken and duck food is not recommended, as it can lead to nutritional imbalances and make it difficult to ensure each species is receiving the appropriate diet.
8.10. Where Can I Find More Information About Poultry Nutrition?
For more detailed information on poultry nutrition and expert tips on raising chickens and ducks, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
9. Conclusion: Ensuring Optimal Nutrition for Your Poultry
In conclusion, while chickens can technically eat duck food, it is generally not recommended as a primary diet. The nutritional differences between chickens and ducks mean that each species requires a tailored diet to thrive. Providing chickens with chicken-specific feed, supplemental nutrients, and a balanced diet is crucial for their health, egg production, and overall well-being.
By understanding the specific nutritional needs of your poultry and following expert advice, you can ensure your flock receives the optimal nutrition they need to live happy and healthy lives. Remember to provide separate feeding areas, adequate space, predator protection, and regular health monitoring to create a thriving environment for both chickens and ducks.
For more expert advice and detailed information on poultry nutrition, don’t hesitate to visit FOODS.EDU.VN. Our comprehensive resources can help you make informed decisions about your flock’s diet and overall care. Contact us today at 1946 Campus Dr, Hyde Park, NY 12538, United States or WhatsApp us at +1 845-452-9600. We are here to help you provide the best possible care for your feathered friends. Explore more and deepen your knowledge at foods.edu.vn.
