Can Cats Eat Human Food? A Comprehensive Guide

Are you curious if it’s safe to share your meals with your feline friend? Can cats eat human food? The answer is nuanced. While some human foods are safe and even beneficial for cats in moderation, others can be harmful or even toxic. FOODS.EDU.VN is here to guide you through the do’s and don’ts of feeding your cat human food, ensuring their health and happiness. Discover which human snacks are cat-friendly and how to incorporate them safely into your cat’s diet, including crucial information about toxic foods to avoid and the benefits of a balanced diet.

1. Understanding a Cat’s Dietary Needs

Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning their bodies are designed to thrive on a diet primarily consisting of animal protein. This is a fundamental aspect of their physiology, influencing everything from their digestive processes to their nutritional requirements. Unlike humans, who can efficiently digest and utilize nutrients from both plant and animal sources, cats have specific dietary needs that must be met to maintain optimal health.

1.1 The Importance of Animal Protein

Animal protein provides essential amino acids, such as taurine, which cats cannot synthesize on their own. Taurine is crucial for various bodily functions, including:

  • Vision: Supporting healthy retinal function.
  • Heart Function: Maintaining normal heart muscle function.
  • Reproduction: Ensuring healthy reproductive processes.
  • Digestion: Aiding in the digestion of fats.

A deficiency in taurine can lead to severe health problems, including blindness, heart disease (dilated cardiomyopathy), and reproductive issues. Commercial cat foods are formulated to provide adequate levels of taurine, but it’s essential to ensure that any supplemental foods, including human foods, do not disrupt this balance.

1.2 The Role of Fats

Fats are another crucial component of a cat’s diet, providing energy and supporting the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Essential fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6, are also vital for maintaining healthy skin and coat, supporting immune function, and reducing inflammation.

1.3 Limited Carbohydrate Needs

While cats can digest carbohydrates, they don’t require them in large quantities. In the wild, cats consume small amounts of carbohydrates through the stomach contents of their prey. Commercial cat foods often contain carbohydrates as a source of energy and fiber, but it’s important to ensure that these carbohydrates are easily digestible and don’t cause digestive upset.

1.4 Key Nutrients for Cats

  • Protein: Essential for muscle development, tissue repair, and enzyme production.
  • Fat: Provides energy and supports the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
  • Vitamins: Including A, D, E, and K, which are vital for various bodily functions.
  • Minerals: Such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which are essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
  • Water: Crucial for hydration and supporting bodily functions.

1.5 Understanding Your Cat’s Unique Nutritional Needs

Remember, every cat is different. Factors like age, activity level, and health condition can influence their nutritional requirements. Always consult with your veterinarian to determine the best diet for your feline companion.

2. Safe Human Foods for Cats: A Detailed Guide

While commercial cat food should form the foundation of your cat’s diet, certain human foods can be offered as occasional treats. These should be given in moderation and prepared without harmful additives.

2.1 Meats: A Carnivore’s Delight

As obligate carnivores, cats benefit from animal protein. Cooked meats are generally safe and nutritious treats.

  • Chicken and Turkey: These are excellent sources of lean protein. Always cook poultry thoroughly to eliminate the risk of salmonella or other bacterial infections. Remove all bones and skin before offering it to your cat. The skin can be too fatty and difficult to digest.
  • Fish: Fish is another popular choice for cats. Oily fish like salmon, tuna, and mackerel are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can benefit cats with arthritis or kidney disease. Ensure the fish is thoroughly cooked, with all bones removed. Avoid feeding raw fish, as it can contain parasites and bacteria.
  • Beef: Lean beef, cooked without seasonings, is a safe and tasty treat for cats. Trim off any excess fat and remove bones before offering it.
Meat Preparation Benefits Considerations
Chicken Cooked thoroughly, boneless, skinless, plain High in protein, low in calories Avoid seasonings, butter, or oils
Turkey Cooked thoroughly, boneless, skinless, plain High in protein, low in calories Avoid seasonings, butter, or oils
Fish Cooked thoroughly, boneless, skinless (oily fish preferred: salmon, tuna) Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, beneficial for arthritis and kidney disease Avoid raw fish due to parasites and bacteria
Beef Cooked thoroughly, lean, boneless, plain High in protein Trim off excess fat, avoid seasonings
Lamb Cooked thoroughly, lean, boneless, plain High in protein, rich in vitamins and minerals Trim off excess fat, avoid seasonings
Pork Cooked thoroughly, lean, boneless, plain Good source of protein and certain vitamins Ensure it’s well-cooked to avoid parasites and bacteria; trim off excess fat, avoid seasonings
Organ Meats (Liver, Heart) Cooked thoroughly, plain Rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly iron and B vitamins Offer in very small quantities due to high vitamin A content, which can be toxic in large amounts

Note: When preparing meats for your cat, avoid adding any seasonings, salt, butter, or oils. These can be harmful and cause digestive upset.

2.2 Vegetables: Occasional Fiber Boost

While cats are primarily carnivores, some vegetables can offer additional fiber and nutrients in small amounts.

  • Broccoli: Cooked, plain broccoli can provide fiber to help normalize stool for cats experiencing constipation or diarrhea. Steam or boil the broccoli until it’s soft and easy to digest. Offer only a small amount (½-inch cube) once or twice a week.
  • Peas: Peas can be steamed, boiled, or baked, as long as they’re completely plain, with no toppings or additives. Offer only three or four peas once or twice a week, and monitor your cat for signs of vomiting or diarrhea.
  • Sweet Potatoes: Cooked sweet potatoes are a good source of fiber, potassium, and vitamins A and C. Boil the sweet potatoes and create a puree to make them more palatable for your cat. Keep portions small (less than 1 tablespoon).
  • Carrots: Cooked carrots are safe and can be beneficial, providing fiber and vitamins. Ensure they are soft and easy to chew to prevent choking hazards.
Vegetable Preparation Benefits Considerations
Broccoli Cooked (steamed or boiled), plain High in fiber, helps normalize stool for cats with constipation or diarrhea Offer only a small amount (½-inch cube) once or twice per week
Peas Cooked (steamed, boiled, or baked), plain Source of fiber and vitamins Offer only three or four peas once or twice per week, monitor for vomiting or diarrhea
Sweet Potatoes Cooked (boiled and pureed) Good source of fiber, potassium, and vitamins A and C Keep portions small (less than 1 tablespoon)
Carrots Cooked (steamed or boiled), plain Source of fiber and vitamins Ensure they are soft and easy to chew to prevent choking hazards
Pumpkin Cooked and pureed (plain, no additives) High in fiber, can help with both diarrhea and constipation Use plain pumpkin puree, not pumpkin pie filling which contains spices and sugar
Green Beans Cooked (steamed or boiled), plain Low in calories and a good source of fiber and vitamins Ensure they are soft and easy to chew to prevent choking hazards

Note: When offering vegetables to your cat, always cook them thoroughly and avoid adding any salt, butter, or seasonings. Watch your cat closely for signs of gastrointestinal upset, as some cats may not digest greens well.

2.3 Fruits: Sweet Treats in Moderation

Some cats enjoy the occasional fruit snack. However, fruits are generally high in sugar, so they should be offered sparingly, especially for cats with diabetes or pancreatitis.

  • Pumpkin: Pureed pumpkin (with no added spices) can be used to treat both diarrhea and constipation in cats. It’s high in fiber and has a mild taste that most cats tolerate well. Consult your veterinarian for guidance on the appropriate amount for your cat. A healthy cat can typically have 1 tablespoon of pureed pumpkin a few times a week.
  • Watermelon: Watermelon can be fed raw if the seeds and rind are completely removed. It’s hydrating and contains electrolytes, but it’s also high in sugar, so offer only a small cube (½-inch) once or twice per week.
  • Strawberries: Strawberries are rich in vitamin C, potassium, folate, and fiber. However, the amounts that cats eat are so small that the nutritional difference is minimal. If your cat enjoys strawberries, limit them to half of a small berry (washed and sliced, with the greens removed) per week.
  • Blueberries: Blueberries are rich in antioxidants and vitamins A, C, E, and K. Again, the quantities cats can digest are small, so the nutritional benefit is minimal. If your cat likes blueberries, allowing them to eat four or five washed berries per week is likely safe.
  • Bananas: Bananas can be served fresh or frozen. They contain vitamins B6 and C, plus potassium. However, they are also rich in carbohydrates and sugars, which are not suitable for all cats, particularly those with diabetes or intestinal disorders. If your veterinarian approves of bananas for your cat, limit the portions to one ¼-inch slice per week, as long as it doesn’t cause digestive upset.
    • Cantaloupe: Safe for cats to eat in small amounts
    • Apples Apples are high in fiber and vitamin C. Ensure that you remove the core and seeds before offering them to your cat.
Fruit Preparation Benefits Considerations
Pumpkin Pureed, no added spices High in fiber, helps with diarrhea and constipation Consult vet for appropriate amount, never feed raw pumpkin
Watermelon Raw, seeds and rind removed Hydrating, contains electrolytes High in sugar, offer only a small cube (½-inch) once or twice per week
Strawberries Washed, sliced, greens removed Rich in vitamin C, potassium, folate, and fiber Limit to half of a small berry per week
Blueberries Washed Rich in antioxidants and vitamins A, C, E, and K Minimal nutritional benefit due to small quantities
Bananas Fresh or frozen Contains vitamins B6 and C, plus potassium High in carbohydrates and sugars, not suitable for cats with diabetes or intestinal disorders
Cantaloupe Cut into small pieces Rich source of Vitamins A and C as well as beta-carotene Can provide some hydration
Apples Peeled, cored and cut Source of Vitamin C Seeds can be toxic

Note: Monitor your cat for signs of appetite loss, vomiting, or diarrhea after introducing any new fruit into their diet.

2.4 Other Safe Human Foods

  • Eggs: Cooked eggs are a great source of protein and amino acids. Scrambled or hard-boiled eggs are good options, but avoid adding any salt, pepper, or other seasonings.
  • Oatmeal: Plain, cooked oatmeal can be a source of fiber for cats. Ensure it’s cooked with water and doesn’t contain any added sugar, milk, or flavorings.
Other Foods Preparation Benefits Considerations
Eggs Cooked (scrambled or hard-boiled), plain Protein, amino acids Avoid seasonings
Oatmeal Cooked with water, plain Fiber Avoid sugar, milk, flavorings

Note: These foods should be offered in moderation as occasional treats, not as a replacement for a balanced cat food diet.

3. Toxic Human Foods for Cats: AVOID!

Certain human foods are toxic to cats and should be strictly avoided. These foods can cause serious health problems, and in some cases, can be life-threatening.

3.1 Chocolate

Chocolate contains theobromine, a toxic substance for cats. Dark chocolate is more dangerous than milk chocolate due to its higher theobromine content. Chocolate can cause vomiting, diarrhea, increased heart rate, tremors, seizures, and even death.

3.2 Onions and Garlic

Onions and garlic, whether raw, cooked, or powdered, contain compounds that can damage a cat’s red blood cells, leading to anemia. Even small amounts can be harmful over time. Symptoms of onion or garlic toxicity include weakness, lethargy, pale gums, and dark urine.

3.3 Nuts

Nuts, especially macadamia nuts and walnuts, can be toxic to cats. They can cause weakness, tremors, vomiting, and hyperthermia (increased body temperature).

3.4 Grapes and Raisins

Grapes and raisins can cause kidney failure in cats. The exact toxic substance is unknown, but even small amounts can be harmful. Symptoms of grape or raisin toxicity include vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, and decreased urination.

3.5 Caffeine

Coffee, tea, and other caffeinated beverages contain caffeine, a stimulant that can be toxic to cats. Caffeine can cause restlessness, increased heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tremors, seizures, and even death.

3.6 Dairy Products

Despite the common misconception, many cats are lactose intolerant. Dairy products like milk and yogurt can cause digestive upset, including diarrhea and vomiting.

3.7 Xylitol

Xylitol is an artificial sweetener found in sugar-free gum, candies, baked goods, and other products. It’s extremely toxic to cats and can cause a rapid release of insulin, leading to a dangerous drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Xylitol can also cause liver failure.

3.8 Alcohol

Alcohol is toxic to cats and can cause central nervous system depression, respiratory failure, and death. Even small amounts can be harmful.

3.9 Raw Dough

Raw dough containing yeast can expand in a cat’s stomach, causing bloating and severe discomfort. The yeast also produces alcohol, which can be toxic.

3.10 Raw Meats and Fish

Raw meats and fish can contain harmful bacteria and parasites that can cause food poisoning in cats. Avoid feeding raw foods to your cat to minimize the risk of infection.

Food Toxicity Symptoms
Chocolate Contains theobromine, toxic to cats Vomiting, diarrhea, increased heart rate, tremors, seizures, death
Onions and Garlic Damages red blood cells, leading to anemia Weakness, lethargy, pale gums, dark urine
Nuts Especially macadamia nuts and walnuts, can be toxic Weakness, tremors, vomiting, hyperthermia
Grapes and Raisins Can cause kidney failure Vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, decreased urination
Caffeine Stimulant, toxic to cats Restlessness, increased heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tremors, seizures, death
Dairy Products Many cats are lactose intolerant Digestive upset, diarrhea, vomiting
Xylitol Artificial sweetener, extremely toxic Rapid release of insulin, hypoglycemia, liver failure
Alcohol Toxic, causes central nervous system depression Central nervous system depression, respiratory failure, death
Raw Dough Expands in stomach, produces alcohol Bloating, discomfort, alcohol toxicity
Raw Meats/Fish Can contain harmful bacteria and parasites Food poisoning, vomiting, diarrhea
Avocado Contains persin Vomiting and diarrhea
Citrus Fruits (oranges, lemon, grapefruit) Contains essential oils that can cause irritation and central nervous system depression Vomiting, diarrhea, and skin irritation
Salty Snacks Can cause sodium ion poisoning Excessive thirst and urination, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures

Note: If you suspect your cat has ingested any of these toxic foods, contact your veterinarian or an animal poison control center immediately.

4. Tips for Safely Sharing Human Food with Your Cat

If you choose to share human food with your cat, follow these guidelines to ensure their safety and well-being:

  • Consult Your Veterinarian: Before introducing any new foods into your cat’s diet, consult with your veterinarian. They can assess your cat’s individual health needs and advise you on appropriate food choices and portion sizes.
  • Moderation is Key: Human foods should only be offered as occasional treats, not as a replacement for a balanced cat food diet. Treats should make up no more than 10% of your cat’s daily caloric intake.
  • Preparation Matters: Always cook meats and vegetables thoroughly to eliminate the risk of bacterial infections. Avoid adding any salt, sugar, butter, oils, or seasonings.
  • Remove Bones and Skin: Always remove bones from meats and fish to prevent choking hazards and internal injuries. Skin can be too fatty and difficult to digest.
  • Cut into Small Pieces: Cut foods into small, manageable pieces to prevent choking.
  • Monitor for Reactions: After introducing a new food, monitor your cat closely for signs of digestive upset, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or loss of appetite. If you notice any adverse reactions, discontinue the food and consult your veterinarian.
  • Avoid Begging: Don’t give in to your cat’s begging for food. This can lead to overeating and weight gain.
  • Store Food Safely: Store human food properly to prevent your cat from accessing it when you’re not around. Keep toxic foods out of reach.

5. Understanding Food Allergies and Sensitivities in Cats

Just like humans, cats can develop food allergies or sensitivities. These reactions occur when a cat’s immune system mistakenly identifies a food ingredient as harmful. The most common food allergens in cats include beef, fish, chicken, and dairy products.

5.1 Symptoms of Food Allergies

  • Skin Problems: Itchy skin, hair loss, skin lesions, and ear infections.
  • Digestive Issues: Vomiting, diarrhea, and flatulence.
  • Respiratory Problems: Coughing, sneezing, and wheezing.

5.2 Diagnosing Food Allergies

If you suspect your cat has a food allergy, your veterinarian may recommend an elimination diet. This involves feeding your cat a special diet with novel protein and carbohydrate sources for several weeks to see if the symptoms improve. If the symptoms resolve, you can gradually reintroduce other foods to identify the allergen.

5.3 Managing Food Allergies

The best way to manage food allergies is to avoid the offending ingredients. Your veterinarian can recommend a hypoallergenic diet that is free of common allergens.

6. Creating a Balanced Diet for Your Cat

Ensuring your cat receives a balanced diet is essential for their overall health and well-being. A balanced diet provides all the necessary nutrients in the right proportions to support your cat’s bodily functions.

6.1 Key Components of a Balanced Cat Diet

  • High-Quality Protein: Look for cat foods that list meat, poultry, or fish as the primary ingredient.
  • Essential Fatty Acids: Ensure the diet contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for healthy skin and coat.
  • Vitamins and Minerals: A balanced diet should include all the necessary vitamins and minerals for optimal health.
  • Appropriate Calorie Content: Choose a diet that provides the appropriate number of calories for your cat’s age, activity level, and health condition.

6.2 Types of Cat Food

  • Dry Food (Kibble): Convenient and affordable, dry food can help promote dental health.
  • Wet Food (Canned): Wet food has a higher moisture content, which can be beneficial for cats with kidney problems or those who don’t drink enough water.
  • Semi-Moist Food: Less common than dry or wet food, semi-moist food has a higher moisture content than dry food but is more convenient to store than wet food.

6.3 Reading Cat Food Labels

Understanding cat food labels is crucial for choosing a balanced diet. Look for the following information:

  • Ingredient List: The ingredients are listed in descending order by weight.
  • Guaranteed Analysis: This provides information on the protein, fat, fiber, and moisture content of the food.
  • Nutritional Adequacy Statement: This statement indicates whether the food is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).
  • Feeding Guidelines: These provide recommendations on how much food to feed your cat based on their weight and age.

7. Common Myths About Cats and Human Food

There are several common myths about cats and human food that should be debunked.

7.1 Myth: Cats Need Milk

Many people believe that cats need milk, but this is not true. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant and cannot digest milk properly. Milk can cause digestive upset, diarrhea, and vomiting. Water is the best source of hydration for cats.

7.2 Myth: Cats Can Eat Bones

While cats may enjoy chewing on bones, they can be dangerous. Bones can splinter and cause choking, internal injuries, or intestinal blockages. Always remove bones from meats and fish before offering them to your cat.

7.3 Myth: Cats Can Eat Raw Meat

Raw meat can contain harmful bacteria and parasites that can cause food poisoning in cats. Cooking meat thoroughly eliminates the risk of infection.

7.4 Myth: Cats Can Eat Sweets

Cats cannot taste sweetness, so they don’t need sweets in their diet. Sweets are high in sugar and calories and can contribute to weight gain and other health problems.

7.5 Myth: Cats Can Eat Any Kind of Fish

Not all fish is safe for cats. Some types of fish, such as tuna, can contain high levels of mercury, which can be toxic. Avoid feeding your cat large amounts of tuna or other fish high in mercury.

8. Consulting Your Veterinarian

Your veterinarian is your best resource for information about your cat’s dietary needs. They can assess your cat’s individual health status and recommend a balanced diet that meets their specific requirements.

8.1 When to Consult Your Veterinarian

  • Before Changing Your Cat’s Diet: Consult your veterinarian before making any significant changes to your cat’s diet, including introducing new foods or switching to a different cat food.
  • If Your Cat Has Health Problems: If your cat has health problems, such as diabetes, kidney disease, or food allergies, your veterinarian can recommend a specialized diet that addresses their needs.
  • If Your Cat Is Overweight or Underweight: Your veterinarian can help you determine the appropriate calorie intake for your cat and recommend a diet that supports weight management.
  • If Your Cat Is Vomiting or Has Diarrhea: If your cat is experiencing vomiting or diarrhea, consult your veterinarian to rule out any underlying health problems.

8.2 What to Discuss with Your Veterinarian

  • Your Cat’s Current Diet: Provide your veterinarian with a detailed list of everything your cat eats, including cat food, treats, and any human foods you offer.
  • Your Cat’s Health History: Inform your veterinarian about any health problems your cat has experienced in the past.
  • Your Concerns About Your Cat’s Diet: Share any concerns you have about your cat’s diet, such as weight gain, weight loss, or digestive problems.
  • Questions About Specific Foods: Ask your veterinarian about the safety of specific human foods you are considering offering your cat.

9. The Benefits of a Healthy Cat Diet

A healthy diet is essential for your cat’s overall health and well-being. It can help:

  • Maintain a Healthy Weight: A balanced diet with the appropriate calorie content can help your cat maintain a healthy weight.
  • Promote Healthy Skin and Coat: Essential fatty acids in the diet can help keep your cat’s skin and coat healthy and shiny.
  • Support a Strong Immune System: A balanced diet with all the necessary vitamins and minerals can help support a strong immune system.
  • Prevent Health Problems: A healthy diet can help prevent many common health problems in cats, such as diabetes, kidney disease, and obesity.
  • Increase Energy Levels: A balanced diet can provide your cat with the energy they need to stay active and playful.
  • Improve Digestion: A diet with the appropriate fiber content can help improve digestion and prevent digestive problems.
  • Extend Lifespan: A healthy diet can help your cat live a longer, healthier life.

10. FOODS.EDU.VN: Your Guide to Feline Nutrition

At FOODS.EDU.VN, we understand the importance of providing your feline friend with the best possible nutrition. We offer a wealth of information on cat nutrition, including:

  • Detailed Articles on Safe and Toxic Foods: Our comprehensive guides provide in-depth information on which human foods are safe for cats and which ones to avoid.
  • Expert Advice from Veterinarians and Nutritionists: Our team of experts provides evidence-based advice on cat nutrition to help you make informed decisions about your cat’s diet.
  • Tips for Creating a Balanced Cat Diet: We offer practical tips for creating a balanced diet that meets your cat’s individual needs.
  • Information on Food Allergies and Sensitivities: Learn about the symptoms of food allergies and sensitivities in cats and how to manage them.
  • Product Reviews and Recommendations: We provide unbiased reviews and recommendations of cat food products to help you choose the best options for your cat.
  • Interactive Tools and Resources: Use our interactive tools and resources to calculate your cat’s daily calorie needs and create a personalized feeding plan.

Visit FOODS.EDU.VN today to learn more about cat nutrition and discover how to provide your feline friend with a healthy and balanced diet.

FAQ: Feeding Human Food to Cats

Q1: Is it safe for cats to eat human food?
It depends. Some human foods are safe for cats in moderation, while others are toxic and should be avoided. Meats like cooked chicken and fish can be safe treats.

Q2: What human foods are toxic to cats?
Toxic foods include chocolate, onions, garlic, nuts, grapes, raisins, caffeine, alcohol, and xylitol.

Q3: Can cats drink milk?
No, many adult cats are lactose intolerant and cannot digest milk properly, leading to digestive upset.

Q4: What are the best human food treats for cats?
Safe treats include cooked chicken, turkey, fish (salmon, tuna), small amounts of cooked vegetables like broccoli or peas, and pureed pumpkin.

Q5: How much human food can I give my cat?
Human foods should only be occasional treats, making up no more than 10% of your cat’s daily caloric intake.

Q6: Can cats eat eggs?
Yes, cooked eggs (scrambled or hard-boiled) are a good source of protein for cats.

Q7: What should I do if my cat eats a toxic food?
Contact your veterinarian or an animal poison control center immediately.

Q8: How can I tell if my cat has a food allergy?
Symptoms include skin problems (itchy skin, hair loss) and digestive issues (vomiting, diarrhea). Consult your vet.

Q9: Can cats eat cheese?
Small amounts of certain cheeses might be okay for some cats, but many cats are lactose intolerant. Avoid.

Q10: How do I know if my cat’s diet is balanced?
Consult your veterinarian to ensure your cat’s diet is meeting their nutritional needs.

Enhance Your Cat’s Well-being with Expert Nutritional Advice

Are you seeking more in-depth information and tailored advice on feline nutrition? Look no further than FOODS.EDU.VN. Our website offers a wealth of resources to help you make informed decisions about your cat’s diet, ensuring they lead a healthy and vibrant life. From detailed guides on safe and toxic foods to expert tips on creating a balanced diet, FOODS.EDU.VN is your go-to source for all things cat nutrition.

Ready to unlock the secrets to optimal feline health? Visit FOODS.EDU.VN today and discover a world of valuable information that will transform the way you care for your beloved cat.

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