Malaysia Food is a vibrant tapestry of flavors, reflecting the country’s rich cultural diversity. If you’re looking for an amazing culinary adventure, FOODS.EDU.VN has you covered, with a wealth of resources to help you discover the best Malaysian dishes. Dive into the unique tastes of Malaysia with our expert guides and explore the culinary gems that this country has to offer.
1. What Makes Malaysia Food So Special?
Malaysia food stands out due to its unique blend of Malay, Chinese, Indian, and indigenous influences, creating a diverse and flavorful culinary landscape. This fusion results in dishes that are both familiar and exotic, appealing to a wide range of palates.
1.1 A Melting Pot of Flavors
Malaysia’s strategic location has historically made it a crossroads of cultures. This cultural exchange is vividly reflected in its cuisine, where you can find dishes that incorporate ingredients and cooking techniques from various regions. For example, the use of spices and coconut milk is common in Malay cuisine, while noodles and stir-frying techniques are borrowed from Chinese cooking. Indian influence is evident in the use of spices like curry powder and the popularity of dishes like roti canai.
1.2 The Importance of Fresh Ingredients
According to a study by the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in 2023, the use of fresh, locally sourced ingredients is a defining characteristic of Malaysia food. Markets are abundant with fresh produce, seafood, and spices that contribute to the vibrant flavors of the dishes. This emphasis on freshness not only enhances the taste but also supports local farmers and producers.
1.3 Street Food Culture
Malaysia is renowned for its vibrant street food scene. From bustling night markets to roadside stalls, you can find an array of affordable and delicious dishes. According to a 2022 report by Tourism Malaysia, street food is one of the top attractions for tourists, offering an authentic taste of local culture.
1.4 Regional Variations
The cuisine varies significantly from region to region. In Penang, you’ll find dishes like Assam Laksa, known for its tangy and spicy broth. In Malacca, the Peranakan cuisine, a blend of Chinese and Malay flavors, is a must-try. East Malaysia, particularly Sabah and Sarawak, offers unique indigenous dishes made with local ingredients like jungle ferns and exotic fruits.
1.5 The Use of Spices and Herbs
Spices and herbs are integral to Malaysia food. Dishes are often seasoned with a complex blend of ingredients like lemongrass, galangal, turmeric, chilies, and various local herbs. These spices not only add flavor but also have medicinal properties. According to a study by the University of Malaya in 2024, many of these spices contain antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds.
A vibrant display of fresh spices at a Malaysian market
2. What Are Some Must-Try Malaysia Food Dishes?
When exploring Malaysia food, certain dishes stand out as essential culinary experiences. From savory rice dishes to flavorful noodle soups and delectable desserts, here are some must-try items:
2.1 Nasi Lemak
Nasi Lemak is often considered the national dish of Malaysia. It consists of fragrant rice cooked in coconut milk and pandan leaves, served with a variety of accompaniments such as fried chicken, sambal, fried anchovies, peanuts, and boiled egg. According to a survey by the Ministry of Tourism in 2023, Nasi Lemak is the most popular dish among both locals and tourists.
2.2 Char Kway Teow
Char Kway Teow is a stir-fried noodle dish that is beloved for its smoky flavor and savory taste. Flat rice noodles are stir-fried with prawns, cockles, Chinese sausage, bean sprouts, and chives in a flavorful soy sauce mixture. Each bite offers a perfect balance of textures and tastes.
2.3 Laksa
Laksa is a spicy noodle soup that comes in various regional variations. Curry Laksa, also known as Curry Mee, features noodles in a rich coconut curry broth with prawns, tofu puffs, and cockles. Assam Laksa, on the other hand, has a tangy and fishy broth flavored with tamarind. Both versions are incredibly satisfying and offer unique flavor profiles.
2.4 Roti Canai
Roti Canai is a type of flatbread that is popular for breakfast or a quick snack. The dough is stretched and folded multiple times, creating flaky layers. It is typically served with dhal or curry. According to a study by the Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2022, Roti Canai is a staple in Malaysian cuisine due to its versatility and affordability.
2.5 Satay
Satay is grilled skewers of marinated meat served with a peanut sauce. The meat, usually chicken or beef, is marinated in a blend of spices and then grilled over charcoal. The peanut sauce is rich and flavorful, adding a creamy and nutty element to the dish.
2.6 Rendang
Rendang is a rich and flavorful meat dish, typically made with beef, cooked in coconut milk and a blend of spices for several hours until the meat becomes tender and the sauce is thick and caramelized. Originally from Indonesia, it has become a popular dish in Malaysia.
2.7 Mee Goreng Mamak
Mee Goreng Mamak is a stir-fried noodle dish prepared by Indian Muslims in Malaysia. It features yellow noodles stir-fried with vegetables, tofu, potatoes, and a spicy tomato-based sauce. The dish is known for its bold flavors and is a popular choice at Mamak stalls throughout the country.
2.8 Cendol
Cendol is a sweet dessert made with coconut milk, green jelly noodles, shaved ice, and palm sugar. It is a refreshing treat, especially on a hot day. Variations may include additional toppings such as red beans, sweet corn, and glutinous rice.
A colorful plate of Char Kway Teow with prawns and cockles
3. What Are The Regional Specialties in Malaysia Food?
Malaysia’s diverse regions offer unique culinary experiences, each with its own specialties and flavors. Exploring these regional dishes provides a deeper understanding of the country’s rich food culture.
3.1 Penang
Penang, often called the food capital of Malaysia, is known for its vibrant street food scene and unique dishes.
- Assam Laksa: A tangy and spicy fish-based noodle soup flavored with tamarind.
- Char Kway Teow: Stir-fried rice noodles with prawns, cockles, and Chinese sausage.
- Nasi Kandar: Rice served with a variety of curries and side dishes.
3.2 Malacca
Malacca’s cuisine is influenced by its Peranakan heritage, blending Chinese and Malay flavors.
- Chicken Rice Balls: Rice compressed into balls served with steamed chicken.
- Satay Celup: Skewers of meat and vegetables dipped in a boiling pot of peanut sauce.
- Baba Cendol: A sweet dessert with coconut milk, green jelly noodles, and palm sugar.
3.3 Kuala Lumpur
As the capital city, Kuala Lumpur offers a diverse range of Malaysia food from all over the country.
- Nasi Lemak: Fragrant rice cooked in coconut milk, served with various accompaniments.
- Hokkien Mee: Thick yellow noodles stir-fried in dark soy sauce with pork and seafood.
- Bak Kut Teh: A herbal pork rib soup.
3.4 Sabah
Located in Borneo, Sabah offers unique indigenous dishes made with local ingredients.
- Hinava: A dish made with raw fish marinated in lime juice, ginger, and chili.
- Tuaran Mee: Egg noodles stir-fried with vegetables and meat.
- Ambuyat: A sticky, starchy dish made from sago flour, usually eaten with a variety of side dishes.
3.5 Sarawak
Also located in Borneo, Sarawak is known for its diverse indigenous cuisine and unique flavors.
- Sarawak Laksa: A flavorful noodle soup with a complex blend of spices and prawns.
- Kolo Mee: Dry egg noodles tossed in a savory sauce with minced pork and char siu.
- Manok Pansoh: Chicken cooked in bamboo with lemongrass, ginger, and tapioca leaves.
Region | Specialty | Description |
---|---|---|
Penang | Assam Laksa | Tangy and spicy fish-based noodle soup flavored with tamarind |
Malacca | Chicken Rice Balls | Rice compressed into balls served with steamed chicken |
Kuala Lumpur | Nasi Lemak | Fragrant rice cooked in coconut milk, served with various accompaniments |
Sabah | Hinava | Dish made with raw fish marinated in lime juice, ginger, and chili |
Sarawak | Sarawak Laksa | Flavorful noodle soup with a complex blend of spices and prawns |
A steaming bowl of Assam Laksa from Penang
4. Where Can You Find The Best Malaysia Food?
Finding the best Malaysia food involves exploring various dining options, from street food stalls to upscale restaurants. Each offers a unique experience and a chance to savor authentic flavors.
4.1 Street Food Stalls
Street food stalls are a quintessential part of the Malaysia food scene. These stalls offer a wide variety of dishes at affordable prices.
- Night Markets: Night markets, or “pasar malam,” are bustling with activity and offer a wide array of dishes.
- Hawker Centers: Hawker centers are collections of food stalls offering a variety of Malaysia food.
- Roadside Stalls: Roadside stalls often specialize in one or two dishes, perfecting their recipes over generations.
4.2 Mamak Stalls
Mamak stalls are open-air eateries run by Indian Muslims, offering a variety of dishes such as Roti Canai, Mee Goreng Mamak, and Nasi Kandar. These stalls are open late and are popular spots for socializing and enjoying a late-night meal.
4.3 Restaurants
Restaurants in Malaysia range from casual eateries to fine dining establishments, offering a wide range of Malaysia food and international cuisines.
- Traditional Restaurants: Traditional restaurants focus on serving authentic Malaysia food, using traditional cooking methods and recipes.
- Modern Restaurants: Modern restaurants offer innovative interpretations of Malaysia food, blending traditional flavors with contemporary techniques.
- Fine Dining: Fine dining establishments provide a sophisticated dining experience, showcasing Malaysia food in an elegant setting.
4.4 Home Cooking
Experiencing home-cooked Malaysia food provides a unique glimpse into the country’s culinary traditions. Home-cooked meals are often shared among family and friends, offering a warm and welcoming experience.
4.5 Food Delivery Services
Food delivery services have become increasingly popular in Malaysia, offering a convenient way to enjoy Malaysia food from the comfort of your home.
Dining Option | Description |
---|---|
Street Food Stalls | Affordable and diverse options in night markets, hawker centers, and roadside stalls |
Mamak Stalls | Open-air eateries run by Indian Muslims, offering Roti Canai, Mee Goreng Mamak, and more |
Restaurants | Wide range from casual to fine dining, offering traditional and modern Malaysia food |
Home Cooking | Authentic glimpse into culinary traditions, often shared among family and friends |
Food Delivery Services | Convenient way to enjoy Malaysia food from home |
A bustling night market with various Malaysia food stalls
5. What Are The Key Ingredients in Malaysia Food?
Malaysia food is characterized by its use of fresh ingredients and a complex blend of spices and herbs. Understanding these key ingredients is essential for appreciating the depth of flavors in Malaysia cuisine.
5.1 Rice
Rice is a staple in Malaysia food, serving as the base for many dishes. Different varieties of rice are used, each with its own unique flavor and texture.
- White Rice: The most common type of rice, used in dishes like Nasi Lemak and Nasi Kandar.
- Glutinous Rice: Used in desserts and snacks, such as Kuih and Pulut.
- Fragrant Rice: Rice with a distinct aroma, often used in Nasi Lemak.
5.2 Coconut Milk
Coconut milk is a key ingredient in many Malaysia dishes, adding richness and flavor. It is used in curries, stews, and desserts.
- Fresh Coconut Milk: Extracted from freshly grated coconut, used for its rich flavor.
- Canned Coconut Milk: A convenient alternative, available in most supermarkets.
5.3 Spices
Spices are essential in Malaysia food, adding depth and complexity to dishes.
- Chili: Used to add heat and flavor to various dishes.
- Turmeric: Adds a vibrant color and earthy flavor to curries.
- Lemongrass: Provides a citrusy aroma and flavor.
- Ginger: Adds warmth and spice.
- Galangal: Similar to ginger but with a more pungent flavor.
- Cumin: Adds a warm and earthy flavor.
- Coriander: Used both as a seed and a leaf, adding a citrusy and herbaceous flavor.
5.4 Herbs
Herbs are used to add freshness and aroma to Malaysia food.
- Pandan Leaves: Used to infuse rice and desserts with a sweet aroma.
- Curry Leaves: Adds a distinct flavor to curries and stews.
- Mint: Used in salads and as a garnish.
- Cilantro: Used as a garnish and adds a fresh, herbaceous flavor.
5.5 Seafood
Given Malaysia’s coastal location, seafood is a prominent ingredient in many dishes.
- Prawns: Used in stir-fries, curries, and soups.
- Fish: Grilled, fried, or used in curries.
- Squid: Used in stir-fries and grilled dishes.
- Crab: Used in curries and stir-fries.
Ingredient | Use |
---|---|
Rice | Base for many dishes, such as Nasi Lemak and Nasi Kandar |
Coconut Milk | Adds richness and flavor to curries, stews, and desserts |
Chili | Adds heat and flavor to dishes |
Turmeric | Adds color and flavor to curries |
Lemongrass | Provides a citrusy aroma and flavor |
Prawns | Used in stir-fries, curries, and soups |
Close-up of a variety of colorful Malaysian spices
6. How Has Malaysia Food Evolved Over Time?
Malaysia food has evolved significantly over time, influenced by various factors such as trade, migration, and cultural exchange. Understanding this evolution provides insights into the current state of Malaysia cuisine.
6.1 Early Influences
The earliest influences on Malaysia food came from indigenous Malay communities, who relied on local ingredients such as rice, seafood, and tropical fruits. The arrival of traders from China and India brought new ingredients and cooking techniques, shaping the early development of Malaysia cuisine.
6.2 The Impact of Colonialism
Colonialism had a significant impact on Malaysia food. The Portuguese, Dutch, and British introduced new ingredients such as potatoes, tomatoes, and various spices from around the world. These ingredients were incorporated into local dishes, creating unique flavor combinations.
6.3 The Rise of Street Food
The rise of street food in Malaysia can be traced back to the early 20th century, as urbanization and migration led to the growth of hawker centers and roadside stalls. These establishments offered affordable and convenient meals, catering to the needs of urban workers.
6.4 Modern Innovations
Modern innovations have continued to shape Malaysia food. The introduction of new cooking technologies and techniques has allowed chefs to experiment with flavors and textures, creating innovative dishes that blend traditional and contemporary elements.
6.5 Globalization
Globalization has exposed Malaysia food to international influences, leading to the fusion of Malaysia flavors with cuisines from around the world. This has resulted in a diverse and dynamic culinary scene, with restaurants offering everything from traditional Malaysia food to international fusion dishes.
Period | Influence |
---|---|
Early | Indigenous Malay communities |
Colonialism | Portuguese, Dutch, and British introducing new ingredients |
20th Century | Urbanization and migration leading to the growth of hawker centers and roadside stalls |
Modern | New cooking technologies and techniques |
Globalization | Fusion of Malaysia flavors with cuisines from around the world |
A historical photo of a Malaysian street food vendor
7. What Are The Health Benefits of Malaysia Food?
Malaysia food, when prepared with fresh ingredients and balanced cooking methods, can offer numerous health benefits. The use of spices, herbs, and fresh produce contributes to its nutritional value.
7.1 Rich in Antioxidants
Many spices and herbs used in Malaysia food are rich in antioxidants, which help protect the body against damage from free radicals. Turmeric, ginger, and chili are particularly high in antioxidants. A study by the National Institutes of Health in 2023 showed that regular consumption of these spices can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
7.2 Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Several ingredients in Malaysia food have anti-inflammatory properties. Turmeric, in particular, contains curcumin, a compound known for its potent anti-inflammatory effects. Consuming dishes with turmeric can help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions.
7.3 Good Source of Vitamins and Minerals
Malaysia food often includes a variety of fresh vegetables and seafood, which are good sources of vitamins and minerals. Leafy greens provide vitamins A and C, while seafood is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and minerals like zinc and iron.
7.4 Promotes Digestive Health
Certain spices and herbs used in Malaysia food can promote digestive health. Ginger, for example, can help relieve nausea and improve digestion. Fiber-rich vegetables and grains can also contribute to a healthy digestive system.
7.5 Heart-Healthy Options
Some Malaysia dishes, when prepared with lean proteins and healthy fats, can be heart-healthy. Grilled fish, steamed vegetables, and dishes cooked with coconut oil in moderation can be part of a balanced diet that supports heart health.
Benefit | Ingredient |
---|---|
Rich in Antioxidants | Turmeric, ginger, chili |
Anti-Inflammatory | Turmeric (curcumin) |
Vitamins and Minerals | Leafy greens, seafood |
Digestive Health | Ginger, fiber-rich vegetables |
Heart-Healthy | Grilled fish, steamed vegetables, coconut oil (in moderation) |
A colorful display of fresh vegetables used in Malaysia food
8. How Can You Cook Malaysia Food At Home?
Cooking Malaysia food at home allows you to recreate the flavors and aromas of Malaysia cuisine in your own kitchen. With the right recipes and techniques, you can enjoy authentic Malaysia dishes whenever you like.
8.1 Gathering Ingredients
The first step in cooking Malaysia food at home is to gather the necessary ingredients. Many ingredients, such as rice, coconut milk, and spices, are available at most supermarkets. However, you may need to visit Asian markets for more specialized ingredients like pandan leaves, galangal, and curry leaves.
8.2 Essential Equipment
Having the right equipment can make cooking Malaysia food easier and more efficient.
- Wok: Essential for stir-frying dishes like Char Kway Teow and Hokkien Mee.
- Rice Cooker: Makes cooking rice effortless.
- Mortar and Pestle: Used for grinding spices and herbs.
- Steamer: Useful for steaming dishes like steamed fish and dumplings.
- Blender: For making sauces and pastes.
8.3 Mastering Basic Techniques
Mastering basic cooking techniques is essential for preparing authentic Malaysia food.
- Stir-Frying: Involves cooking ingredients quickly over high heat in a wok.
- Steaming: A gentle cooking method that preserves the nutrients and flavors of the ingredients.
- Braising: Cooking meat or vegetables slowly in a liquid until tender.
- Grilling: Cooking meat or seafood over an open flame.
8.4 Finding Reliable Recipes
Finding reliable recipes is crucial for successful home cooking. Look for recipes from reputable sources such as cookbooks, cooking websites, and food blogs. FOODS.EDU.VN offers a wide range of Malaysia food recipes with detailed instructions and helpful tips.
8.5 Tips for Success
- Prepare Ingredients in Advance: Chop vegetables, measure spices, and marinate meats before you start cooking.
- Taste as You Go: Adjust the seasoning to your liking as you cook.
- Don’t Be Afraid to Experiment: Feel free to modify recipes and add your own personal touches.
- Practice Makes Perfect: The more you cook, the better you will become at mastering Malaysia cuisine.
Step | Description |
---|---|
Gather Ingredients | Source fresh ingredients from supermarkets and Asian markets |
Essential Equipment | Wok, rice cooker, mortar and pestle, steamer, blender |
Master Basic Techniques | Stir-frying, steaming, braising, grilling |
Find Reliable Recipes | Use cookbooks, cooking websites, and food blogs; FOODS.EDU.VN is a great resource |
Tips for Success | Prepare ingredients in advance, taste as you go, experiment, practice |
A home cook preparing Malaysia food in their kitchen
9. What Are Some Popular Malaysia Food Desserts?
Malaysia food desserts are as diverse and flavorful as the main dishes. These sweet treats often incorporate local ingredients like coconut milk, palm sugar, and tropical fruits.
9.1 Cendol
Cendol is one of the most popular Malaysia desserts, consisting of coconut milk, green jelly noodles, shaved ice, and palm sugar. It is a refreshing treat, especially on a hot day. Variations may include additional toppings such as red beans, sweet corn, and glutinous rice.
9.2 Ais Kacang
Ais Kacang, also known as ABC (Air Batu Campur), is a shaved ice dessert with toppings such as red beans, sweet corn, grass jelly, and peanuts, drizzled with rose syrup and condensed milk. It is a colorful and refreshing dessert, perfect for cooling down on a hot day.
9.3 Kuih
Kuih refers to a wide variety of traditional Malaysia cakes and desserts. These treats come in various shapes, colors, and flavors, often made with glutinous rice flour, coconut milk, and palm sugar. Popular Kuih include Kuih Lapis, Kuih Dadar, and Onde-Onde.
9.4 Bubur Cha Cha
Bubur Cha Cha is a sweet dessert made with coconut milk, sweet potatoes, taro, sago pearls, and tapioca jelly. It is a colorful and comforting dessert, often served warm.
9.5 Apam Balik
Apam Balik is a sweet pancake filled with peanuts, sugar, and sweet corn. It is a popular street food dessert, often sold at night markets.
Dessert | Description |
---|---|
Cendol | Coconut milk, green jelly noodles, shaved ice, and palm sugar |
Ais Kacang | Shaved ice with red beans, sweet corn, grass jelly, peanuts, rose syrup |
Kuih | Traditional Malaysia cakes and desserts made with glutinous rice flour and coconut milk |
Bubur Cha Cha | Coconut milk, sweet potatoes, taro, sago pearls, and tapioca jelly |
Apam Balik | Sweet pancake filled with peanuts, sugar, and sweet corn |
A serving of Cendol with green jelly and coconut milk
10. How Can You Experience Malaysia Food Culture?
Experiencing Malaysia food culture goes beyond just eating the dishes. It involves immersing yourself in the local customs, traditions, and social interactions that surround food.
10.1 Visit Local Markets
Visiting local markets is a great way to experience the vibrant food culture of Malaysia. You can see the fresh ingredients, interact with vendors, and sample local snacks.
10.2 Attend Food Festivals
Malaysia hosts numerous food festivals throughout the year, showcasing the country’s diverse cuisine. These festivals offer a chance to sample a wide variety of dishes and learn about local food traditions.
10.3 Take a Cooking Class
Taking a cooking class allows you to learn how to prepare authentic Malaysia dishes from local chefs. You will gain hands-on experience and learn about the ingredients and techniques used in Malaysia cuisine.
10.4 Explore Street Food
Exploring street food is an essential part of experiencing Malaysia food culture. Sample a variety of dishes from street food stalls and hawker centers, and interact with the vendors.
10.5 Engage with Locals
Engaging with locals is a great way to learn about Malaysia food culture. Ask for recommendations, share meals, and learn about the stories behind the dishes.
Experience | Description |
---|---|
Visit Local Markets | See fresh ingredients, interact with vendors, and sample local snacks |
Attend Food Festivals | Sample a wide variety of dishes and learn about local food traditions |
Take a Cooking Class | Learn how to prepare authentic Malaysia dishes from local chefs |
Explore Street Food | Sample a variety of dishes from street food stalls and interact with vendors |
Engage with Locals | Ask for recommendations, share meals, and learn about the stories behind dishes |
People enjoying Malaysia food at a local market
Exploring Malaysia food is an exciting journey that offers a taste of the country’s rich cultural heritage. From the bustling street food stalls to the elegant restaurants, each dining experience provides a unique glimpse into the diverse flavors and traditions of Malaysia cuisine. So, embark on this culinary adventure and discover the amazing world of Malaysia food!
Want to dive deeper into the world of Malaysia food and discover even more culinary secrets? Visit FOODS.EDU.VN today to explore a treasure trove of recipes, cooking tips, and expert guides. Expand your culinary horizons and unleash your inner chef with us! Contact us at 1946 Campus Dr, Hyde Park, NY 12538, United States or Whatsapp: +1 845-452-9600. Visit our website at FOODS.EDU.VN.
FAQ About Malaysia Food
1. What is the most popular dish in Malaysia Food?
Nasi Lemak is often considered the national dish and most popular dish in Malaysia food, consisting of fragrant rice cooked in coconut milk and served with various accompaniments like sambal, fried chicken, and anchovies.
2. Is Malaysia Food spicy?
Malaysia food can be spicy, as many dishes incorporate chili and other spices. However, the level of spiciness can vary depending on the dish and the region.
3. What is the best way to experience Malaysia Food?
The best way to experience Malaysia food is by exploring street food stalls, hawker centers, and local markets. Engaging with locals and trying a variety of dishes is also recommended.
4. What are some vegetarian options in Malaysia Food?
Vegetarian options in Malaysia food include dishes like Gado-Gado (vegetable salad with peanut sauce), Roti Canai with dhal, and various vegetable curries.
5. What is Assam Laksa?
Assam Laksa is a tangy and spicy fish-based noodle soup that is popular in Penang. It is flavored with tamarind and various herbs and spices.
6. What is Nasi Kandar?
Nasi Kandar is a dish consisting of rice served with a variety of curries and side dishes, typically of Indian origin.
7. What is Kuih?
Kuih refers to a wide variety of traditional Malaysia cakes and desserts, often made with glutinous rice flour, coconut milk, and palm sugar.
8. What is Satay?
Satay is grilled skewers of marinated meat served with a peanut sauce. The meat is usually chicken or beef.
9. What is Cendol made of?
Cendol is made of coconut milk, green jelly noodles, shaved ice, and palm sugar.
10. Where can I find authentic Malaysia Food recipes?
You can find authentic Malaysia food recipes on reputable cooking websites, cookbooks, and food blogs. foods.edu.vn offers a wide range of Malaysia food recipes with detailed instructions and helpful tips.