What Food Makes Miscarriage? Discover potentially harmful foods during pregnancy and learn how to maintain a healthy diet for a safe pregnancy journey with insights from FOODS.EDU.VN.
Miscarriage is a distressing experience for many expectant parents. While various factors can contribute to pregnancy loss, diet plays a crucial role. Understanding which foods to avoid during pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk. At FOODS.EDU.VN, we provide comprehensive information on foods that may increase the risk of miscarriage and offer guidance on maintaining a healthy, safe pregnancy diet. By staying informed and making smart dietary choices, you can support a healthy pregnancy. Let’s dive into the specifics of what food makes miscarriage and explore safe alternatives.
1. Understanding Miscarriage: Causes and Risk Factors
1.1 What Are the Common Causes of Miscarriage?
Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, is the loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week of gestation. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), miscarriages occur in about 10-20% of known pregnancies. Several factors can cause a miscarriage, but often the exact cause remains unidentified.
- Genetic Abnormalities: Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus are the leading cause of miscarriages, particularly in the first trimester. These abnormalities prevent the fetus from developing normally.
- Hormonal Imbalances: Hormonal problems, such as insufficient progesterone levels, can make it difficult for the uterus to support the pregnancy.
- Uterine Issues: Structural problems with the uterus, such as fibroids or an abnormally shaped uterus, can interfere with implantation and fetal development.
- Cervical Insufficiency: Also known as an incompetent cervix, this condition occurs when the cervix weakens and opens prematurely, often leading to second-trimester miscarriages.
- Chronic Health Conditions: Maternal health conditions like diabetes, thyroid disorders, and autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus) can increase the risk of miscarriage.
- Infections: Certain infections, such as toxoplasmosis, listeriosis, and cytomegalovirus (CMV), can harm the developing fetus and lead to miscarriage.
1.2 What Risk Factors Increase the Likelihood of Miscarriage?
Certain factors can increase the risk of experiencing a miscarriage. Awareness of these risk factors can help individuals take preventive measures and seek appropriate medical care.
- Maternal Age: The risk of miscarriage increases with age. According to a study published in Obstetrics & Gynecology, women over 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage compared to younger women.
- Previous Miscarriages: Women who have had one or more previous miscarriages are at a higher risk of experiencing another one.
- Obesity: Obesity can increase the risk of miscarriage due to hormonal imbalances and other metabolic factors.
- Smoking: Smoking during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
- Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and increases the risk of miscarriage.
- Drug Use: Illicit drug use during pregnancy is harmful to the developing fetus and increases the risk of miscarriage.
- Caffeine Intake: High caffeine intake has been linked to an increased risk of miscarriage. It is generally recommended to limit caffeine intake during pregnancy.
- Certain Medications: Some medications, such as NSAIDs and retinoids, can increase the risk of miscarriage and should be avoided during pregnancy.
1.3 What Are the Different Types of Miscarriage?
Miscarriage can manifest in various ways, each with its distinct characteristics and implications. Understanding these different types is crucial for appropriate medical management and emotional support.
| Type of Miscarriage | Description |
|---|---|
| Threatened Miscarriage | Bleeding and cramping occur, but the cervix remains closed. There is still a chance the pregnancy can continue. |
| Inevitable Miscarriage | Heavy bleeding, cramping, and cervical dilation occur. The pregnancy cannot continue, and a miscarriage is inevitable. |
| Incomplete Miscarriage | Some pregnancy tissue has passed out of the uterus, but some remains. Medical intervention, such as a D&C, may be necessary. |
| Complete Miscarriage | All pregnancy tissue has passed out of the uterus. No medical intervention is typically needed. |
| Missed Miscarriage | The fetus has died, but the body has not expelled the pregnancy tissue. There are often no symptoms, and the miscarriage is discovered during a routine ultrasound. |
| Recurrent Miscarriage | Experiencing three or more consecutive miscarriages. This may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires evaluation. |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | The fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. This is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention. |
| Molar Pregnancy | A rare condition in which abnormal tissue grows inside the uterus instead of a fetus. This requires treatment to prevent complications. |
Understanding these different types of miscarriage can help individuals better understand their condition and seek appropriate medical care. For more detailed information, visit FOODS.EDU.VN.
2. What Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy to Prevent Miscarriage
2.1 What Unpasteurized Dairy Products Should Be Avoided During Pregnancy?
Unpasteurized dairy products can harbor harmful bacteria, such as Listeria, which can cause listeriosis. Listeriosis is a severe infection that can lead to miscarriage, premature delivery, or severe illness in newborns.
- Why They Are Harmful: Pasteurization is a process that heats milk and dairy products to kill harmful bacteria. Unpasteurized products do not undergo this process, making them risky for pregnant women.
- Examples of Unpasteurized Dairy Products:
- Raw Milk: Milk that has not been pasteurized.
- Soft Cheeses: Brie, feta, Camembert, and blue cheese (unless labeled as pasteurized).
A study published in the Journal of Food Protection highlighted the risks associated with consuming unpasteurized dairy products during pregnancy. Always check the labels of dairy products to ensure they are pasteurized.
2.2 How Can Raw or Undercooked Meats and Seafood Cause Miscarriage?
Raw or undercooked meats and seafood can contain harmful bacteria and parasites, such as Toxoplasma, Salmonella, and Listeria, which can cause severe infections that lead to miscarriage.
- Why They Are Harmful: Cooking meat and seafood thoroughly kills these harmful pathogens, making it safe to consume. Raw or undercooked products bypass this safety measure.
- Examples of Foods to Avoid:
- Sushi and Sashimi: Raw fish preparations.
- Rare or Medium-Rare Meats: Steaks, burgers, and other meats cooked to less than well-done.
- Raw Shellfish: Oysters, clams, and mussels.
- Deli Meats: Unless heated until steaming hot before consumption.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that pregnant women avoid raw and undercooked meats and seafood to reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.
2.3 What About the Risks of Eating Raw Eggs During Pregnancy?
Raw eggs can carry Salmonella, a bacterium that causes food poisoning. While Salmonella infection is usually not life-threatening, it can cause severe symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and fever, which can be particularly dangerous during pregnancy.
- Why They Are Harmful: Salmonella can lead to dehydration and other complications that may increase the risk of miscarriage.
- Examples of Foods to Avoid:
- Homemade Mayonnaise: Often made with raw eggs.
- Caesar Salad Dressing: Traditional recipes include raw eggs.
- Hollandaise Sauce: A rich sauce that contains raw eggs.
- Some Desserts: Mousse and tiramisu may contain raw eggs.
According to a report by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), pregnant women should avoid foods containing raw eggs to prevent Salmonella infection.
2.4 How Can High-Mercury Fish Intake Affect Pregnancy?
Certain fish contain high levels of mercury, a toxic metal that can harm the developing nervous system of the fetus. High mercury levels can lead to developmental delays, brain damage, and an increased risk of miscarriage.
- Why They Are Harmful: Mercury accumulates in fish, particularly larger predatory species. Pregnant women are advised to limit their intake of these fish.
- Examples of Fish to Avoid:
- Swordfish
- Shark
- King Mackerel
- Tilefish
- Bigeye Tuna
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the FDA recommend that pregnant women avoid these high-mercury fish and limit their consumption of other fish to 8-12 ounces per week.
2.5 What Are the Risks of Excessive Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy?
Excessive caffeine consumption during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight.
- Why It Is Harmful: Caffeine is a stimulant that can cross the placenta and affect the fetus. High levels of caffeine can constrict blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the uterus and placenta.
- Sources of Caffeine:
- Coffee
- Tea
- Soda
- Energy Drinks
- Chocolate
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that pregnant women limit their caffeine intake to less than 200 mg per day.
2.6 What Foods with Listeria Contamination Should Pregnant Women Avoid?
Listeria is a bacterium that can cause listeriosis, a severe infection that can be particularly dangerous during pregnancy. Listeria can be found in various foods, and pregnant women should take precautions to avoid contaminated products.
- Why It Is Harmful: Listeria can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, leading to miscarriage, premature delivery, or severe illness in newborns.
- Foods to Avoid:
- Deli Meats and Cold Cuts: Unless heated until steaming hot before consumption.
- Soft Cheeses: Brie, feta, Camembert, and blue cheese (unless labeled as pasteurized).
- Refrigerated Pâtés and Meat Spreads
- Smoked Seafood: Unless cooked.
The CDC advises pregnant women to avoid these foods and to follow safe food handling practices to prevent Listeria infection.
2.7 How Can Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Lead to Miscarriage?
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is strictly prohibited due to its harmful effects on the developing fetus. Alcohol can cross the placenta and interfere with fetal development, leading to a range of problems, including miscarriage, stillbirth, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs).
- Why It Is Harmful: Alcohol can damage the brain and other organs of the fetus. There is no safe amount of alcohol to consume during pregnancy.
- Risks Associated with Alcohol Consumption:
- Miscarriage
- Stillbirth
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Developmental Delays
- Birth Defects
The Surgeon General and leading medical organizations, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, recommend that pregnant women abstain from alcohol completely.
3. Safe Food Choices for a Healthy Pregnancy
3.1 What Pasteurized Dairy Products Are Safe to Consume During Pregnancy?
Pasteurized dairy products are safe and nutritious options for pregnant women. Pasteurization kills harmful bacteria, making these products safe to consume.
- Benefits of Pasteurized Dairy:
- Provides essential nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, and protein.
- Supports bone health for both mother and baby.
- Reduces the risk of foodborne illnesses.
- Safe Choices:
- Pasteurized Milk
- Pasteurized Yogurt
- Pasteurized Hard Cheeses (e.g., cheddar, Swiss)
- Pasteurized Soft Cheeses (ensure they are labeled as pasteurized)
A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition highlights the importance of calcium intake during pregnancy and recommends pasteurized dairy products as a safe and reliable source.
3.2 How Should Meats and Seafood Be Cooked to Ensure Safety During Pregnancy?
Cooking meats and seafood thoroughly is essential to kill harmful bacteria and parasites. Pregnant women should ensure that all meats and seafood are cooked to the recommended internal temperatures.
- Recommended Cooking Temperatures:
- Beef, Pork, Lamb: 145°F (63°C)
- Ground Meat: 160°F (71°C)
- Poultry: 165°F (74°C)
- Fish: 145°F (63°C)
- Tips for Safe Cooking:
- Use a food thermometer to ensure accurate temperatures.
- Cook meats and seafood until they are no longer pink inside.
- Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meats and seafood.
The USDA provides detailed guidelines on safe cooking temperatures for meats and seafood to prevent foodborne illnesses.
3.3 What Are Safe Alternatives to Raw Eggs During Pregnancy?
While raw eggs should be avoided, there are safe alternatives that can be used in cooking and baking.
- Pasteurized Eggs: These eggs have been heat-treated to kill Salmonella and are safe to consume raw or undercooked.
- Egg Substitutes: Liquid egg substitutes are pasteurized and can be used in place of raw eggs in recipes.
- Cooked Eggs: Eggs cooked until the yolk and white are firm are safe to eat.
The Partnership for Food Safety Education provides resources on safe egg handling and cooking practices.
3.4 What Low-Mercury Fish Are Safe to Eat During Pregnancy?
Pregnant women can safely consume certain types of fish that are low in mercury. These fish provide essential nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for fetal brain development.
- Safe Choices:
- Salmon
- Sardines
- Canned Light Tuna
- Shrimp
- Cod
The EPA and FDA recommend that pregnant women eat 8-12 ounces of low-mercury fish per week.
3.5 How Can Pregnant Women Manage Their Caffeine Intake Safely?
Limiting caffeine intake is important during pregnancy. Pregnant women can manage their caffeine intake by being aware of the caffeine content in various foods and beverages and choosing lower-caffeine alternatives.
- Tips for Managing Caffeine Intake:
- Limit coffee consumption to one cup per day.
- Choose decaffeinated coffee and tea.
- Avoid energy drinks and high-caffeine sodas.
- Be mindful of caffeine in chocolate.
ACOG recommends limiting caffeine intake to less than 200 mg per day during pregnancy.
3.6 What Foods Can Help Prevent Listeria During Pregnancy?
Preventing Listeria infection involves avoiding high-risk foods and following safe food handling practices.
- Safe Food Handling Practices:
- Wash hands thoroughly before preparing food.
- Keep raw and cooked foods separate to prevent cross-contamination.
- Cook foods to the recommended internal temperatures.
- Refrigerate perishable foods promptly.
- Foods to Focus On:
- Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Wash thoroughly before eating.
- Fully Cooked Meats and Seafood
- Pasteurized Dairy Products
The CDC provides detailed guidelines on preventing Listeria infection during pregnancy.
3.7 How Can a Balanced Diet Contribute to a Healthy Pregnancy?
A balanced diet rich in essential nutrients is crucial for a healthy pregnancy. Pregnant women should focus on consuming a variety of nutrient-dense foods to support fetal development and maintain their health.
- Key Nutrients for Pregnancy:
- Folic Acid: Prevents neural tube defects.
- Iron: Supports increased blood volume.
- Calcium: Supports bone health.
- Vitamin D: Supports calcium absorption.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Supports brain development.
- Foods to Include:
- Fruits and Vegetables
- Whole Grains
- Lean Proteins
- Healthy Fats
- Pasteurized Dairy Products
The American Pregnancy Association provides comprehensive information on nutrition during pregnancy and recommends consulting with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized dietary advice.
4. Expert Advice and Recommendations
4.1 What Do Healthcare Professionals Recommend Regarding Diet During Pregnancy?
Healthcare professionals emphasize the importance of a balanced diet and safe food handling practices during pregnancy. They recommend that pregnant women consult with their healthcare provider or a registered dietitian for personalized dietary advice.
- Key Recommendations:
- Avoid raw and undercooked meats and seafood.
- Avoid unpasteurized dairy products.
- Limit caffeine intake.
- Abstain from alcohol.
- Consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods.
- Follow safe food handling practices.
ACOG provides guidelines for healthcare professionals on nutrition during pregnancy.
4.2 What Are Some Common Misconceptions About Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy?
Several misconceptions surround foods to avoid during pregnancy. Clearing up these misconceptions can help pregnant women make informed dietary choices.
- Common Misconceptions:
- All seafood is harmful during pregnancy: Some low-mercury fish are safe and beneficial.
- All cheese should be avoided: Pasteurized hard cheeses are safe.
- Herbal teas are always safe: Some herbal teas can be harmful during pregnancy.
- Eating for two means doubling food intake: Pregnant women need more nutrients, not necessarily double the calories.
The Mayo Clinic provides accurate information on nutrition during pregnancy and helps dispel common misconceptions.
4.3 How Can FOODS.EDU.VN Help with Pregnancy Nutrition?
FOODS.EDU.VN offers a wealth of information and resources on pregnancy nutrition. From detailed guides on safe food choices to expert advice and personalized recommendations, FOODS.EDU.VN is a valuable resource for expectant mothers.
- Resources Available:
- Comprehensive articles on foods to avoid and safe alternatives.
- Expert advice from nutritionists and healthcare professionals.
- Meal planning tips and recipes for a healthy pregnancy.
- A supportive community for sharing experiences and asking questions.
By visiting FOODS.EDU.VN, pregnant women can access the information they need to make informed dietary choices and support a healthy pregnancy.
4.4 What Are the Most Recent Studies and Findings on Food Safety During Pregnancy?
Staying informed about the latest research and findings on food safety during pregnancy is crucial. Recent studies continue to emphasize the importance of avoiding certain foods and following safe food handling practices.
- Recent Findings:
- A study published in the Journal of Nutrition highlighted the importance of omega-3 fatty acids for fetal brain development and recommended consuming low-mercury fish.
- Research in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology reaffirmed the risks associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
- The CDC continues to update its guidelines on preventing Listeria infection during pregnancy.
Staying up-to-date with the latest research can help pregnant women make the best dietary choices for themselves and their babies.
5. Creating a Safe and Nutritious Pregnancy Diet
5.1 What Should a Daily Meal Plan Look Like During Pregnancy?
Creating a balanced and nutritious meal plan is essential during pregnancy. Here’s a sample daily meal plan that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods:
| Meal | Food Choices |
|---|---|
| Breakfast | Oatmeal with berries and nuts, pasteurized yogurt with fruit |
| Lunch | Grilled chicken salad with mixed greens, whole-grain bread with avocado and tomato |
| Dinner | Baked salmon with roasted vegetables (broccoli, carrots, sweet potatoes), quinoa |
| Snacks | Apple slices with peanut butter, hard-boiled egg, trail mix with nuts and dried fruit, pasteurized cheese |
This meal plan provides essential nutrients like protein, vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats to support a healthy pregnancy.
5.2 How Can Pregnant Women Address Common Dietary Challenges and Restrictions?
Pregnant women may face various dietary challenges and restrictions due to morning sickness, food aversions, or medical conditions. Here are some tips for addressing these challenges:
- Morning Sickness:
- Eat small, frequent meals.
- Avoid strong odors and fatty foods.
- Try ginger ale or ginger candies.
- Food Aversions:
- Find alternative sources for essential nutrients.
- Experiment with different flavors and textures.
- Gestational Diabetes:
- Follow a meal plan recommended by a healthcare provider or registered dietitian.
- Monitor blood sugar levels regularly.
- Choose low-glycemic index foods.
Consulting with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian can help pregnant women develop a personalized plan for addressing dietary challenges.
5.3 What Are Some Healthy Recipes for Pregnant Women?
Here are a few healthy and delicious recipes that are safe for pregnant women:
- Baked Salmon with Lemon and Herbs:
- Ingredients: Salmon fillet, lemon slices, fresh herbs (dill, parsley), olive oil, salt, pepper.
- Instructions: Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C). Place salmon on a baking sheet, top with lemon slices and herbs, drizzle with olive oil, and season with salt and pepper. Bake for 12-15 minutes or until cooked through.
- Chicken and Vegetable Stir-Fry:
- Ingredients: Chicken breast, broccoli florets, bell peppers, carrots, soy sauce (low sodium), ginger, garlic, olive oil.
- Instructions: Cut chicken into bite-sized pieces. Stir-fry chicken with vegetables in olive oil, add soy sauce, ginger, and garlic. Cook until chicken is cooked through and vegetables are tender.
- Quinoa Salad with Chickpeas and Avocado:
- Ingredients: Quinoa, chickpeas, avocado, cucumber, tomato, lemon juice, olive oil, parsley, salt, pepper.
- Instructions: Cook quinoa according to package instructions. Combine quinoa with chickpeas, avocado, cucumber, and tomato. Dress with lemon juice, olive oil, parsley, salt, and pepper.
These recipes are easy to prepare and provide essential nutrients for a healthy pregnancy.
5.4 How Can Pregnant Women Stay Informed About Food Safety Guidelines and Recommendations?
Staying informed about food safety guidelines and recommendations is crucial during pregnancy. Here are some resources for staying up-to-date:
- Government Agencies:
- FDA: Provides information on food safety, nutrition, and labeling.
- CDC: Offers guidelines on preventing foodborne illnesses.
- USDA: Provides information on safe food handling and cooking practices.
- Medical Organizations:
- ACOG: Offers guidelines for healthcare professionals on nutrition during pregnancy.
- American Pregnancy Association: Provides comprehensive information on pregnancy-related topics.
- Online Resources:
- FOODS.EDU.VN: Offers detailed guides on safe food choices and expert advice.
By utilizing these resources, pregnant women can stay informed and make the best dietary choices for themselves and their babies.
6. Addressing Common Concerns and FAQs
6.1 Can Spicy Foods Cause Miscarriage?
There is no scientific evidence to suggest that spicy foods can cause miscarriage. However, some pregnant women may experience heartburn or indigestion after eating spicy foods. If you are concerned about discomfort, it is best to consume spicy foods in moderation.
6.2 Is It Safe to Eat Honey During Pregnancy?
Honey is generally safe to eat during pregnancy. While honey can contain Clostridium botulinum spores, which can cause botulism in infants, these spores do not harm adults or the developing fetus.
6.3 Can Artificial Sweeteners Cause Miscarriage?
Most artificial sweeteners are considered safe for consumption during pregnancy in moderation. However, it is best to avoid saccharin, as some studies have suggested it may cross the placenta and accumulate in the fetus.
6.4 Is It Safe to Drink Herbal Teas During Pregnancy?
Some herbal teas are safe to drink during pregnancy, while others should be avoided. Safe options include ginger tea (for morning sickness), peppermint tea (for indigestion), and chamomile tea (for relaxation). Avoid herbal teas containing senna, cascara, and licorice root, as these can have adverse effects during pregnancy.
6.5 Can Eating Too Much Sugar Lead to Miscarriage?
Consuming excessive amounts of sugar during pregnancy can increase the risk of gestational diabetes and other complications, which may indirectly increase the risk of miscarriage. It is best to consume sugar in moderation and focus on nutrient-dense foods.
6.6 Is It Safe to Eat Processed Foods During Pregnancy?
While occasional consumption of processed foods is generally safe, it is best to limit their intake during pregnancy. Processed foods are often high in sodium, sugar, and unhealthy fats, and low in essential nutrients. Focus on consuming whole, unprocessed foods for optimal health.
6.7 Can Food Allergies Increase the Risk of Miscarriage?
Food allergies themselves do not directly increase the risk of miscarriage. However, severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) can be dangerous during pregnancy and may indirectly increase the risk of complications. It is important to manage food allergies effectively and avoid known allergens.
6.8 How Can I Ensure My Food Is Safe to Eat During Pregnancy?
To ensure your food is safe to eat during pregnancy, follow these guidelines:
- Wash hands thoroughly before preparing food.
- Cook meats and seafood to the recommended internal temperatures.
- Avoid raw and undercooked meats and seafood.
- Avoid unpasteurized dairy products.
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
- Store food properly and refrigerate perishable items promptly.
6.9 What Should I Do If I Suspect I Have Food Poisoning During Pregnancy?
If you suspect you have food poisoning during pregnancy, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Food poisoning can lead to dehydration and other complications that may be dangerous during pregnancy.
6.10 Where Can I Find More Information on Pregnancy Nutrition?
You can find more information on pregnancy nutrition at FOODS.EDU.VN, as well as through government agencies like the FDA, CDC, and USDA, and medical organizations like ACOG and the American Pregnancy Association.
7. Conclusion: Empowering You with Knowledge for a Healthy Pregnancy
Navigating pregnancy can be both exciting and overwhelming, especially when it comes to diet. Knowing what food makes miscarriage is a crucial step in ensuring a safe and healthy pregnancy journey. By avoiding potentially harmful foods such as unpasteurized dairy, raw meats, high-mercury fish, and excessive caffeine, and by focusing on a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients, you can significantly reduce the risks.
Remember, FOODS.EDU.VN is here to support you with comprehensive resources, expert advice, and the latest research on pregnancy nutrition. Whether you’re looking for safe food choices, healthy recipes, or guidance on managing dietary challenges, our website offers a wealth of information to empower you.
Take control of your pregnancy diet and create a foundation for a healthy future. Visit FOODS.EDU.VN today to explore our extensive collection of articles, tips, and tools. Let us be your trusted partner in ensuring a safe and nutritious pregnancy.
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Embark on this incredible journey with confidence, knowing that you have the knowledge and resources to make informed choices for you and your baby. Your health and your baby’s health are worth it.
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