Synthetic food dyes are prevalent in today’s food industry, adding vibrant colors to everything from candies to beverages. However, some of these dyes have raised health concerns, particularly Red Dye 3, also known as erythrosine. The FDA banned Red Dye 3 in cosmetics decades ago, and more recently extended the ban to food, beverages, and drugs. This article delves into the history, potential health risks, and foods that historically contained Red Dye 3.
The History and Controversy of Red Dye 3
Red Dye 3, or erythrosine, is a synthetic dye derived from petroleum, imparting a bright red cherry color to various food and drink products. Initially approved in 1907, it predates extensive research on coloring agents. In 1960, the FDA reassessed its approval process, listing Red Dye 3 among 200 provisionally approved color additives. It wasn’t until 1969 that Red Dye 3 received unconditional approval for use in food and medication. However, in 1990, the FDA banned its use in cosmetics due to animal studies suggesting a potential link to cancer, invoking the Delaney Clause. Despite this, it took over 30 years and a 2022 petition for the FDA to extend the ban to food and drugs.
Why Was Red Dye 3 Allowed in Foods for So Long?
The persistence of Red Dye 3 in food products stemmed from a complex history of regulatory approvals and evolving scientific understanding. While studies indicated potential health risks, including hyperactivity in children and thyroid cancer in male rats, conclusive evidence of harm to humans remained elusive for many years. The FDA classifies Red Dye 3 as an animal carcinogen.
Foods That Historically Contained Red Dye 3
While Red Dye 3 is now banned, manufacturers have until 2027 to reformulate their products. Until then, consumers can identify products containing Red Dye 3 by checking the nutrition label for “Red Dye 3” (or FD&C Red Dye No. 3) or “erythrosine.”
Alt text: Strawberry ice cream bar, a product potentially containing red dye 3.
According to wellness dietician Amanda Beaver, foods that may have contained Red Dye 3 include:
- Some fruit cocktails
- Candy corns
- Protein shakes, even popular brands
- Ice pops
- Sausages
- Lollipops
- Puddings
- Vegetarian meats
- Bacon bits
- Strawberry milk
- Jellybeans
- Candies
- Colored beverages
- Strawberry ice cream bars
Other Synthetic Dyes to Be Aware Of
Several other FDA-approved synthetic dyes are subject to scrutiny regarding potential health concerns. These include:
- Red 40 (Allura Red)
- Blue 1 (Brilliant Blue)
- Blue 2 (Indigo Carmine)
- Yellow 5 (Tartrazine)
- Yellow 6 (Sunset Yellow)
- Green 3 (Fast Green)
Red 40 and Yellow 5 have been linked to hyperactivity in children.
How to Limit Red Dye 3 Intake
Even with the ban in place, Red Dye 3 may persist in products until 2027. Instead of solely focusing on avoiding specific ingredients, Beaver recommends prioritizing a nutritious overall eating pattern.
Alt text: Refreshing fruit-infused water, a healthier alternative to artificially colored beverages.
Here are some nutritious swaps recommended by Beaver:
- Frozen fruit instead of fruit cocktail
- Fruit-infused water instead of artificially colored drinks
- Chocolate bars instead of colorful candy
- Bean chili instead of veggie burgers
- Roasted, salted pumpkin seeds instead of bacon bits
- Chocolate milk instead of strawberry milk
- Homemade trail mix with nuts, chocolate chips, and raisins instead of store-bought ones with candy-coated chocolate
The Shift Towards Natural Food Colorings
Many food brands were already transitioning away from synthetic dyes even before the FDA ban. The trend favors naturally derived colors such as:
- Annatto extract (yellow)
- Beetroot powder (bluish red to brown)
- Caramel (yellow to tan)
- Beta-carotene from carrots (yellow to orange)
- Grape skin extract and purple carrot juice (red or purple)
Conclusion: Informed Choices for a Healthier Diet
While concerns surrounding Red Dye 3 are valid, maintaining a balanced perspective is crucial. By prioritizing a diet rich in whole, unprocessed foods and making informed choices about the products we consume, we can minimize our exposure to artificial dyes and promote overall health. Enjoying a colorful candy or treat occasionally within a foundation of healthy eating is perfectly acceptable.
