What Food Has Vitamin B2 In It: A Complete Guide

At FOODS.EDU.VN, we understand the importance of a balanced diet. What Food Has Vitamin B2 In It is a question we’re often asked, and we’re here to provide a comprehensive answer. Discover the best dietary sources of riboflavin, its essential role in maintaining your health, and ways to incorporate it into your daily meals.

1. Understanding Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a crucial water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and well-being. It is an essential nutrient that the body needs to convert food into energy. This vitamin is involved in numerous bodily processes, making it indispensable for human health.

What is Riboflavin?

Riboflavin is a key component of certain coenzymes involved in energy production, cell growth, and the metabolism of fats, steroids, and medications. It is naturally present in various foods and is also added to fortified food products and available as a dietary supplement.

Why is Vitamin B2 Important?

Riboflavin is necessary for:

Energy Production: It helps convert carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy that the body can use.
Cell Growth and Function: It supports the growth, development, and function of cells.
Nutrient Metabolism: It assists in the metabolism of fats, steroids, and medications.
Antioxidant Activity: Riboflavin helps protect the body against damage from free radicals, acting as an antioxidant.

The body does not store large amounts of riboflavin, so it’s essential to consume it regularly through diet. Any excess riboflavin is typically excreted in the urine, which can sometimes cause it to appear bright yellow.

2. Top Food Sources of Vitamin B2

If you’re wondering what food has vitamin B2 in it, you’re in luck. There are many delicious and nutritious options available. Here’s a detailed look at some of the best sources:

Dairy Products

Dairy products are excellent sources of riboflavin. Including these in your diet can significantly boost your vitamin B2 intake.

Milk: A glass of milk provides a substantial amount of riboflavin.
Yogurt: Yogurt is not only a good source of riboflavin but also offers probiotics for gut health.
Cheese: Different types of cheese contain varying amounts of riboflavin, making them a versatile option.

Eggs

Eggs are a nutritional powerhouse, offering not only protein but also a good dose of riboflavin.

Whole Eggs: Incorporating eggs into your breakfast or other meals is a great way to increase your riboflavin intake.

Meat and Poultry

Meat and poultry, especially organ meats, are rich in riboflavin.

Lean Beef and Pork: These meats provide a significant amount of vitamin B2.
Organ Meats (Beef Liver): Organ meats like beef liver are particularly high in riboflavin.
Chicken Breast: Chicken breast is another good source of this essential vitamin.

Fish

Certain types of fish, like salmon, are packed with riboflavin and other essential nutrients.

Salmon: This fatty fish is a great addition to your diet for both riboflavin and omega-3 fatty acids.

Fortified Foods

Fortified foods are enriched with added vitamins and minerals, making them a reliable source of riboflavin.

Fortified Cereals: Many breakfast cereals are fortified with riboflavin.
Fortified Bread: Some bread varieties are also enriched with vitamin B2.

Nuts and Seeds

Nuts and seeds offer a plant-based source of riboflavin.

Almonds: Almonds are a healthy snack that also provides riboflavin.

Vegetables

Certain vegetables, especially leafy greens, contain riboflavin.

Spinach: This leafy green is a versatile vegetable that can be added to salads, smoothies, and cooked dishes.
Mushrooms: Mushrooms are another good source of riboflavin and can be used in various recipes.

Legumes

Legumes are a plant-based source of protein and several vitamins and minerals, including riboflavin.

Beans: Various types of beans can contribute to your daily riboflavin intake.

Food Source	Serving Size	Riboflavin (mg)
Beef Liver	3 ounces	2.79
Lamb	3 ounces	0.6
Milk (2% fat)	1 cup	0.43
Yogurt (plain)	6 ounces	0.36
Egg	1 large	0.26
Almonds	1 ounce	0.25
Spinach	1 cup (cooked)	0.42
Mushrooms	1 cup (sliced)	0.4
Fortified Cereal	1 cup	Varies

Close-up of milk pouring into a glass, alongside yogurt, eggs, salmon, organ meats, cheese, spinach, beans, and mushrooms, showcasing foods rich in vitamin B2.

3. Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamin B2

Understanding the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for riboflavin is crucial for maintaining optimal health. The RDA varies based on age, sex, and life stage.

RDA for Adults

Men (19+ years): 1.3 mg daily
Women (19+ years): 1.1 mg daily

RDA During Pregnancy and Lactation

Pregnancy: 1.4 mg daily
Lactation: 1.6 mg daily

Upper Intake Level (UL)

A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) has not been established for riboflavin. This is because no adverse effects have been observed from high intakes of riboflavin from food sources or long-term use of high-dose supplements.

4. Health Benefits of Vitamin B2

Riboflavin offers numerous health benefits, supporting various bodily functions and helping to prevent certain health issues.

Migraine Prevention

Riboflavin has been studied as a prophylactic therapy for preventing migraines. It works by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation of nerves, which are contributors to migraine headaches.

Research Findings:

A randomized controlled trial found that 400 mg of riboflavin daily reduced the frequency of migraine attacks by two per month compared to a placebo.
A systematic review of clinical trials showed a modest reduction in migraine frequency in adults and children with riboflavin supplementation.

Cardiovascular Health

Riboflavin plays a role in regulating homocysteine levels in the blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid, and high levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).

How Riboflavin Helps:

Riboflavin, along with other B vitamins, helps break down homocysteine in the body.
Animal studies have shown cardioprotective effects of riboflavin by increasing the production of antioxidant enzymes.

Overall Health and Well-being

Riboflavin supports various enzymatic reactions throughout the body, contributing to overall health and well-being.

Key Functions:

Aids in energy production
Supports cell growth and function
Assists in nutrient metabolism

5. Signs and Effects of Vitamin B2 Deficiency and Toxicity

Maintaining the right balance of vitamin B2 is essential for your health. Both deficiency and toxicity, though rare, can lead to various health issues.

Signs of Vitamin B2 Deficiency

A riboflavin deficiency is rare in the United States but can occur in individuals with certain medical conditions or dietary restrictions.

Common Symptoms:

Cracked lips
Sore throat
Swelling of the mouth and throat
Swollen tongue (glossitis)
Hair loss
Skin rash
Anemia
Itchy red eyes
Cataracts (in severe cases)

Groups at Higher Risk of Deficiency:

Vegans/Vegetarians: Due to a lower intake or complete exclusion of dairy and meat products.
Pregnant Women: Especially those who consume little dairy or meat, due to increased nutrient needs.
Individuals with Thyroid Disorders: Disorders of the thyroid can increase the risk of a deficiency.
Malnourished Individuals: Riboflavin deficiency often occurs with other nutrient deficiencies.

Effects of Vitamin B2 Toxicity

A toxic level of riboflavin has not been observed from food sources or supplements. The body can only absorb a limited amount of riboflavin at one time, and any excess is quickly excreted in the urine.

Why Toxicity is Rare:

Limited absorption capacity
Rapid excretion of excess amounts

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL):

A UL has not been established for riboflavin due to the lack of observed toxicity.

6. How to Incorporate Vitamin B2 Rich Foods into Your Diet

Incorporating riboflavin-rich foods into your diet is easy and can be done in various delicious ways. Here are some practical tips and recipe ideas to help you increase your vitamin B2 intake.

Breakfast Ideas

Start your day with a riboflavin-packed breakfast to boost your energy levels and overall health.

Fortified Cereal with Milk: Choose a fortified cereal and pair it with milk for a double dose of riboflavin. Add some sliced almonds for an extra nutritional boost.
Yogurt with Fruit and Nuts: Enjoy a bowl of yogurt topped with your favorite fruits and a sprinkle of almonds.
Eggs: Prepare an omelet or scrambled eggs with spinach and mushrooms for a savory and nutritious breakfast.

Lunch Ideas

Make your lunchtime meals count by including foods high in riboflavin.

Salmon Salad Sandwich: Use canned salmon to make a delicious and healthy salad sandwich. Add some spinach leaves for extra nutrients.
Lentil Soup: Lentil soup is a hearty and nutritious option that provides riboflavin along with other essential nutrients.
Grilled Chicken Salad: Top a salad with grilled chicken breast and a variety of colorful vegetables for a balanced and riboflavin-rich meal.

Dinner Ideas

End your day with a satisfying dinner that includes plenty of vitamin B2.

Beef Liver Stir-Fry: While it might not be everyone’s favorite, beef liver is incredibly rich in riboflavin. Try stir-frying it with vegetables and your favorite sauce.
Baked Salmon with Roasted Vegetables: Bake salmon with a side of roasted vegetables like spinach and mushrooms for a delicious and nutritious dinner.
Pork Chops with Sautéed Greens: Serve pork chops with a side of sautéed spinach or other leafy greens to increase your riboflavin intake.

Snack Ideas

Snacks are a great way to supplement your riboflavin intake between meals.

Almonds: A handful of almonds makes a quick and easy snack.
Yogurt: Enjoy a small container of yogurt as a mid-afternoon snack.
Hard-Boiled Egg: A hard-boiled egg is a protein-packed snack that also provides riboflavin.

Recipe: Spinach and Mushroom Omelet

This recipe is a simple and delicious way to incorporate riboflavin-rich foods into your diet.

Ingredients:

2 eggs
1 cup spinach, chopped
½ cup mushrooms, sliced
1 tablespoon olive oil
Salt and pepper to taste

Instructions:

Heat olive oil in a non-stick skillet over medium heat.
Add spinach and mushrooms and sauté until tender.
In a bowl, whisk eggs with salt and pepper.
Pour eggs over the spinach and mushroom mixture in the skillet.
Cook until the omelet is set.
Fold the omelet in half and serve.

By incorporating these foods and recipes into your daily meals, you can ensure you’re getting enough riboflavin to support your health and well-being.

7. Factors Affecting Vitamin B2 Absorption

Several factors can affect how well your body absorbs and utilizes riboflavin. Understanding these can help you optimize your intake and ensure you’re getting the most out of the riboflavin-rich foods you consume.

Diet Composition

The overall composition of your diet can influence riboflavin absorption.

Balanced Diet: A balanced diet with a variety of nutrients supports optimal absorption.
Fiber Intake: High fiber intake can sometimes interfere with riboflavin absorption, so it’s essential to maintain a balanced intake.

Medical Conditions

Certain medical conditions can impact riboflavin absorption and utilization.

Thyroid Disorders: Disorders of the thyroid can increase the risk of riboflavin deficiency.
Digestive Disorders: Conditions that affect nutrient absorption, such as celiac disease or Crohn’s disease, can also affect riboflavin levels.

Medications

Certain medications can interfere with riboflavin absorption or increase its excretion from the body.

Some Antibiotics: Certain antibiotics can affect the gut flora, which can impact vitamin absorption.
Diuretics: These medications can increase the excretion of water-soluble vitamins like riboflavin.

Alcohol Consumption

Excessive alcohol consumption can interfere with riboflavin absorption and utilization.

Impaired Absorption: Alcohol can damage the lining of the digestive tract, reducing nutrient absorption.
Increased Excretion: Alcohol can also increase the excretion of riboflavin from the body.

Age

Age can also play a role in riboflavin absorption.

Older Adults: Older adults may have reduced absorption capacity due to changes in digestive function.

Tips to Improve Absorption:

Consume with Food: Taking riboflavin supplements or consuming riboflavin-rich foods with a meal can improve absorption.
Avoid Alcohol: Limit alcohol consumption to ensure optimal nutrient absorption.
Maintain a Healthy Gut: Support a healthy gut microbiome through a balanced diet and probiotics.
Consult a Healthcare Professional: If you have concerns about riboflavin deficiency or absorption, consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

By being aware of these factors and taking steps to address them, you can ensure that your body is effectively absorbing and utilizing riboflavin for optimal health.

8. Vitamin B2 in Special Diets

Meeting your riboflavin needs can be achieved by following a few guidelines.

Vegetarian and Vegan Diets

Focus on Plant-Based Sources: Vegans and vegetarians should focus on incorporating plant-based sources of riboflavin, such as almonds, spinach, mushrooms, and fortified foods, into their diets.
Supplementation: Consider riboflavin supplementation if dietary intake is insufficient.
Fortified Foods: Consume fortified cereals, breads, and plant-based milk alternatives.

Lactose-Free Diets

Non-Dairy Sources: Those who avoid dairy can obtain riboflavin from meat, eggs, fortified foods, nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Fortified Alternatives: Opt for lactose-free or fortified plant-based milk alternatives.

Gluten-Free Diets

Naturally Gluten-Free Options: Focus on naturally gluten-free sources of riboflavin like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, seeds, and certain vegetables.
Check Labels: When choosing fortified foods, ensure they are certified gluten-free.

Paleo Diets

Paleo-Friendly Sources: Emphasize Paleo-friendly sources of riboflavin such as meat, fish, eggs, nuts, seeds, and certain vegetables.
Avoid Grains and Legumes: Exclude grains and legumes, which are often fortified but not part of the Paleo diet.

Ketogenic Diets

Low-Carb Sources: Prioritize low-carb sources of riboflavin such as meat, fish, eggs, nuts, seeds, and leafy green vegetables.
Monitor Intake: Be mindful of carbohydrate content in plant-based sources to stay within ketogenic guidelines.

General Tips for Special Diets:

Plan Meals: Plan meals and snacks in advance to ensure adequate riboflavin intake.
Read Labels: Carefully read food labels to identify riboflavin content and added nutrients.
Consult a Dietitian: Seek guidance from a registered dietitian or healthcare professional to create a personalized meal plan tailored to your dietary needs.

9. Practical Tips for Maximizing Vitamin B2 Intake

Maximizing your vitamin B2 intake involves making smart choices about food preparation and storage. Here are some practical tips to help you get the most out of riboflavin-rich foods.

Proper Food Storage

Riboflavin is sensitive to light, so proper storage is essential to prevent its degradation.

Store Milk Properly: Store milk in opaque containers or cartons to protect it from light exposure. Avoid storing milk in clear glass bottles.
Keep Foods in Dark Places: Store riboflavin-rich foods in dark, cool places to minimize light exposure.

Cooking Methods

Certain cooking methods can affect the riboflavin content of foods.

Avoid Overcooking: Overcooking can destroy riboflavin, so aim for shorter cooking times.
Steam or Stir-Fry: Steaming or stir-frying vegetables can help retain more riboflavin compared to boiling.
Use Cooking Water: If you do boil vegetables, use the cooking water in soups or sauces to capture any riboflavin that may have leached out.

Food Combinations

Combining certain foods can enhance riboflavin absorption.

Pair with Other Nutrients: Consume riboflavin-rich foods with other essential nutrients to support overall health and absorption.
Balanced Meals: Ensure your meals are balanced with a variety of food groups to optimize nutrient intake.

Fortification

Take advantage of fortified foods to boost your riboflavin intake.

Check Labels: Read food labels to identify products that are fortified with riboflavin.
Choose Fortified Cereals: Opt for fortified breakfast cereals to start your day with a good dose of riboflavin.

Supplementation

Consider supplementation if you have difficulty meeting your riboflavin needs through diet alone.

Consult a Healthcare Provider: Talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplements.
Choose Quality Supplements: Select high-quality riboflavin supplements from reputable brands.

Additional Tips:

Eat a Variety of Foods: Consume a diverse range of riboflavin-rich foods to ensure you’re getting all the essential nutrients your body needs.
Plan Your Meals: Plan your meals and snacks in advance to make sure you’re including plenty of riboflavin-rich options.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to support overall health and nutrient absorption.

By following these practical tips, you can maximize your vitamin B2 intake and enjoy the numerous health benefits it offers.

10. Expert Opinions and Research on Vitamin B2

Expert opinions and research studies provide valuable insights into the role of vitamin B2 in health and disease prevention.

Expert Recommendations

Leading health organizations and nutrition experts emphasize the importance of adequate riboflavin intake for overall health.

American Academy of Neurology: The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society has concluded that riboflavin is probably effective for preventing migraine headaches.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming a variety of nutrient-rich foods, including those high in riboflavin, as part of a balanced diet.

Research Studies

Numerous research studies have explored the health benefits of riboflavin.

Migraine Prevention: Studies have shown that riboflavin supplementation can reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.
Cardiovascular Health: Research suggests that riboflavin plays a role in regulating homocysteine levels, which is important for cardiovascular health.
Enzyme Function: Riboflavin assists many enzymes with various daily functions throughout the body, supporting overall health and well-being.

Notable Findings:

Migraine Reduction: A randomized controlled trial found that 400 mg of riboflavin daily reduced the frequency of migraine attacks by two per month compared to a placebo.
Homocysteine Regulation: Riboflavin works with other B vitamins to break down homocysteine in the body, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Antioxidant Effects: Animal studies have shown cardioprotective effects of riboflavin by increasing the production of antioxidant enzymes.

How to Stay Informed:

Consult Healthcare Providers: Talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian about your riboflavin needs and any potential health concerns.
Follow Reputable Sources: Stay updated on the latest research and recommendations from reputable sources such as scientific journals, health organizations, and nutrition experts.
Read Evidence-Based Articles: Look for articles that are based on scientific evidence and expert opinions to make informed decisions about your diet and health.

By staying informed and consulting with healthcare professionals, you can make informed decisions about your riboflavin intake and optimize your health and well-being.

11. Vitamin B2 Supplementation: Is It Necessary?

Vitamin B2 supplementation can be beneficial in certain situations, but it’s important to determine whether it’s necessary for your individual needs.

Situations Where Supplementation May Be Beneficial:

Deficiency: Individuals with a confirmed riboflavin deficiency may need supplementation to restore their levels to normal.
Dietary Restrictions: Vegans, vegetarians, and individuals with lactose intolerance or other dietary restrictions may have difficulty obtaining enough riboflavin from food alone.
Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders or digestive disorders, can increase the risk of riboflavin deficiency.
Migraine Prevention: Some people may benefit from riboflavin supplementation as a prophylactic treatment for migraines.
Elderly Individuals: Older adults may have reduced absorption of riboflavin and may benefit from supplementation.

Considerations Before Taking Supplements:

Consult a Healthcare Provider: Talk to your doctor or a registered dietitian before starting any new supplements, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications.
Assess Your Diet: Evaluate your current diet to determine whether you are getting enough riboflavin from food sources.
Choose Quality Supplements: Select high-quality riboflavin supplements from reputable brands.
Follow Dosage Guidelines: Follow the dosage guidelines provided by your healthcare provider or on the supplement label.
Monitor for Side Effects: Be aware of any potential side effects and discontinue use if you experience any adverse reactions.

Potential Benefits of Supplementation:

Correcting Deficiencies: Supplementation can help correct riboflavin deficiencies and alleviate symptoms.
Preventing Migraines: Some studies suggest that riboflavin supplementation can reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.
Supporting Overall Health: Riboflavin supplementation can support overall health and well-being by ensuring adequate intake of this essential nutrient.

Potential Risks of Supplementation:

Toxicity: Riboflavin is generally considered safe, and toxicity is rare, as the body can excrete excess amounts. However, very high doses may cause mild side effects.
Interactions with Medications: Riboflavin supplements may interact with certain medications, so it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking them.

Natural Alternatives:

Focus on Food Sources: Before considering supplementation, prioritize obtaining riboflavin from natural food sources such as meat, eggs, dairy, nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Fortified Foods: Include fortified foods such as cereals and bread in your diet to boost your riboflavin intake.

Vitamin B2 supplementation can be a useful tool for certain individuals, but it’s important to weigh the potential benefits and risks and consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplements.

12. Debunking Myths About Vitamin B2

There are several common myths and misconceptions surrounding vitamin B2. Let’s debunk some of these myths to provide accurate information.

Myth 1: Everyone Needs Riboflavin Supplements

Fact: Most people can obtain enough riboflavin from a balanced diet. Supplementation is typically only necessary for those with deficiencies or specific health conditions.

Myth 2: Riboflavin is Only Found in Animal Products

Fact: While animal products are excellent sources of riboflavin, plant-based sources such as almonds, spinach, mushrooms, and fortified foods also contain this vitamin.

Myth 3: You Can Overdose on Riboflavin

Fact: Riboflavin is generally considered safe, and toxicity is rare because the body can excrete excess amounts in the urine.

Myth 4: All B Vitamins Have the Same Function

Fact: Each B vitamin has a unique function in the body. Riboflavin is specifically involved in energy production, cell growth, and nutrient metabolism.

Myth 5: Cooking Always Destroys Riboflavin

Fact: While overcooking can destroy riboflavin, gentle cooking methods such as steaming or stir-frying can help retain more of the vitamin.

Myth 6: Riboflavin Deficiency is Common

Fact: Riboflavin deficiency is relatively rare in developed countries due to the availability of riboflavin-rich foods and fortified products.

Myth 7: Yellow Urine Always Means You’re Getting Too Much Riboflavin

Fact: While excess riboflavin can cause urine to turn bright yellow, other factors can also cause this, such as dehydration or certain medications.

Myth 8: Riboflavin Can Cure Migraines

Fact: Riboflavin has been shown to help prevent migraines in some people, but it is not a cure.

Myth 9: You Don’t Need Riboflavin if You Take a Multivitamin

Fact: While multivitamins typically contain riboflavin, it’s still important to consume riboflavin-rich foods to ensure you’re getting enough of this essential nutrient.

Myth 10: All Fortified Foods are Healthy

Fact: While fortified foods can be a good source of riboflavin, it’s important to choose fortified foods that are also low in sugar, sodium, and unhealthy fats.

By debunking these myths, we hope to provide you with a clearer understanding of vitamin B2 and its role in maintaining your health.

FAQ About Vitamin B2

1. What is vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and why is it important?

Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy, supports cell growth, and assists in nutrient metabolism. It is crucial for overall health and well-being.

2. What are the best food sources of vitamin B2?

The best food sources of vitamin B2 include milk, yogurt, cheese, eggs, lean beef, pork, organ meats (such as beef liver), chicken breast, salmon, almonds, spinach, mushrooms, and fortified cereals and bread.

3. How much vitamin B2 do I need daily?

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin B2 is 1.3 mg daily for men and 1.1 mg daily for women. During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 1.4 mg daily, and during lactation, it increases to 1.6 mg daily.

4. What are the signs and symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency?

Signs and symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency may include cracked lips, sore throat, swelling of the mouth and throat, swollen tongue (glossitis), hair loss, skin rash, anemia, itchy red eyes, and cataracts (in severe cases).

5. Can I get too much vitamin B2?

A toxic level of vitamin B2 has not been observed from food sources or supplements. The body can only absorb a limited amount of riboflavin at one time, and any excess is quickly excreted in the urine.

6. Who is at risk of vitamin B2 deficiency?

Groups at higher risk of vitamin B2 deficiency include vegans/vegetarians (due to lower intake of dairy and meat products), pregnant women (especially those who consume little dairy or meat), individuals with thyroid disorders, and malnourished individuals.

7. How can I incorporate more vitamin B2 into my diet?

You can incorporate more vitamin B2 into your diet by including foods such as milk, yogurt, eggs, meat, fish, nuts, seeds, and vegetables in your meals and snacks. Also, choose fortified cereals and bread to boost your intake.

8. What factors can affect vitamin B2 absorption?

Factors that can affect vitamin B2 absorption include diet composition, medical conditions (such as thyroid disorders or digestive disorders), medications, alcohol consumption, and age.

9. Is vitamin B2 supplementation necessary?

Vitamin B2 supplementation may be beneficial for individuals with deficiencies, dietary restrictions, medical conditions, or those seeking to prevent migraines. Consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplements.

10. How does vitamin B2 help prevent migraines?

Vitamin B2 works to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation of nerves, which are contributors to migraine headaches. It is also needed for normal mitochondrial activities, and migraines are sometimes caused by mitochondrial abnormalities in the brain.

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